Delonix velutina Capuron Family - Fabaceae.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Critically endangered, with the main known population in Orangea of very few individuals not protected and under imminent threat from charcoal burning and subsequent clearing. The sizes of the other known populations at Mt. Raynaud and the Ankarana Massif are not known, but the former is not protected and is under similar threats to Orangea, and the species has only been recorded once from Ankarana, the only protected site. [no evidence from native range]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)DISTRIBUTION. N Madagascar, rare, recorded from the Orangea Peninsula and in the Ankarana Massif (also reported from near Mt. Raynaud, near the track to Baie de Rigny).

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

2.02

(1)DISTRIBUTION. N Madagascar, rare, recorded from the Orangea Peninsula and in the Ankarana Massif (also reported from near Mt. Raynaud, near the track to Baie de Rigny).

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

2.03

(1)HABITAT. In deciduous woodland and xerophytic vegetation on limestone rocks and 'tsingy' (exposed and highly eroded limestone pinnacles and karst), and on sand over limestone near the coast, at up to c. 250 m altitude. [low elevation, tropical species]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

2.04

(1)DISTRIBUTION. N Madagascar, rare, recorded from the Orangea Peninsula and in the Ankarana Massif (also reported from near Mt. Raynaud, near the track to Baie de Rigny).

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamed.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamed.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamed.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamed.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

3.05

(1)According to Carrington's experience D. regia would appear to be invasive in "Barbados forest gullies". (2)Storrs (1996) lists 15 species of high priority weeds that exist in small to large infestations and which are capable of significant impacts [includes Delonix regia] (3)On Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), "spreading almost monospecific stands...develop around parent trees within disturbed marginal rainforest...and along roadsides... Although slow to spread, these patches are very competitive with the native vegetation..." [D. regia] (4)In the Northern Territory [Australia], "it has invaded coastal monsoon vine thickets that have been damaged by cyclones"

(1)http://www.fao.org/forestry/27179@69121/en/brb/?geoText=Barbados&event=factSheet&subSpeciesId
=6116&speciesText=Delonix%20regia%20(Fabaceae)& [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (2)Storrs M. J. 1996. A weed management strategy for Kakadu National Park 1996–2001, Unpublished. ANCA report, Jabiru, April 1996. (3)Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. (4)Csurhes, S., and R. Edwards. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia.

4.01

(1)A deciduous, umbrella-shaped tree up to 10- 15 m tall, often shorter, flowering before the leaves develop; trunk swollen, cigar-shaped, up to 60 cm or more in diameter; bark thin, pale grey-white on the surface, the top layer peeling off seasonally in thin, papery strips; twigs thick and robust, very densely velvety- pubescent when young.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

4.02

(1)'The number of species and coverage of understory species were significantly lower in the area of the D. regia than that of the grassland, indicating the growth of understory species was suppressed by D. regia.' 'The findings of bioassays and the number and amount of responsible allelopathic compounds found in D. regia are well correlated, thus permitting the conclusion that the exclusion of understory plants under the canopy of D. regia trees was due primarily to the allelopathic effect of the fallen flower, leaves, and twigs of the D. regia. [related species allelopathic, but unknown for D. velutina]

(1)Chou, C. H., and L. L. Leu. 1992. Allelopathic substances and interactions of Delonix regia (Boj) Raf. Journal of chemical ecology 18(12): 2285-2303.

4.03

(1)A deciduous, umbrella-shaped tree up to 10- 15 m tall, often shorter, flowering before the leaves develop; trunk swollen, cigar-shaped, up to 60 cm or more in diameter; bark thin, pale grey-white on the surface, the top layer peeling off seasonally in thin, papery strips; twigs thick and robust, very densely velvety- pubescent when young. [no evidence]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

4.04

(1)'The pods are edible and have good potential as a dietary protein source for humans and livestock (Webb et al., 1984; Grant et al., 1995). The leaves (with 39.5% protein) provide nutritious fodder and browse for livestock.' [this reference refers to D. regia, but no reason to assume D. velutina would not also be palatable]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.05

(1)'The pods are edible and have good potential as a dietary protein source for humans and livestock (Webb et al., 1984; Grant et al., 1995). The leaves (with 39.5% protein) provide nutritious fodder and browse for livestock.' [this reference refers to D. regia, but no reason to assume D. velutina would be toxic]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence from genus

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

4.08

(1)HABITAT. In deciduous woodland and xerophytic vegetation on limestone rocks and 'tsingy' (exposed and highly eroded limestone pinnacles and karst), and on sand over limestone near the coast, at up to c. 250 m altitude. [probably not, as rare in native habitat]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

4.09

Unknown

4.10

(1)HABITAT. In deciduous woodland and xerophytic vegetation on limestone rocks and 'tsingy' (exposed and highly eroded limestone pinnacles and karst), and on sand over limestone near the coast, at up to c. 250 m altitude. [probably limited soil tolerance]

4.11

(1)A deciduous, umbrella-shaped tree up to 10- 15 m tall, often shorter, flowering before the leaves develop; trunk swollen, cigar-shaped, up to 60 cm or more in diameter; bark thin, pale grey-white on the surface, the top layer peeling off seasonally in thin, papery strips; twigs thick and robust, very densely velvety- pubescent when young.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

4.12

(1)HABITAT. In deciduous woodland and xerophytic vegetation on limestone rocks and 'tsingy' (exposed and highly eroded limestone pinnacles and karst), and on sand over limestone near the coast, at up to c. 250 m altitude...Critically endangered, with the main known population in Orangea of very few individuals not protected and under imminent threat from charcoal burning and subsequent clearing. The sizes of the other known populations at Mt. Raynaud and the Ankarana Massif are not known, but the former is not protected and is under similar threats to Orangea, and the species has only been recorded once from Ankarana, the only protected site. [no evidence from native range]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

5.03

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

5.04

(1)A deciduous, umbrella-shaped tree up to 10- 15 m tall, often shorter, flowering before the leaves develop; trunk swollen, cigar-shaped, up to 60 cm or more in diameter; bark thin, pale grey-white on the surface, the top layer peeling off seasonally in thin, papery strips; twigs thick and robust, very densely velvety- pubescent when young.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

6.01

(1)Critically endangered, with the main known population in Orangea of very few individuals not protected and under imminent threat from charcoal burning and subsequent clearing. [rarity to due overharvesting, and habitat loss, but no evidence of reproductive failure]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

6.02

(1)Capuron and D. velutina have very elongated, strap-shaped pods with more numerous, elongate-ellipsoidal seeds.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Reduction of the petals occurs in two Malagasy species, perhaps as an adaptation to pollination by sunbirds. Delonix velutina Capuron has five erect, narrow, yellow petals, of which the upper is the largest, and in D. floribunda the lateral petals are absent or very reduced, and generally only a single, erect, narrow, yellow petal is present. (2)'There was complete lack of fruit formation on deliberate selfing in W as well as Y type of trees indicating the presence of strong self incompatibility system in the species.' [related species D. regia not self-compatible]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475. (2)Sareen, T. S. & S. Vasisht. 1982. Breeding systems of Delonix regia RAF in Improvement of forest biomass. Ed P.K. Khosla. Pragati press. New Delhi.

6.05

(1)D. floribunda and D. velutina are adapted to pollination by sunbirds, with rather rigid yellow flowers held upright in dense, flat-topped heads, the petals reduced, the central petal forming a nectar-containing funnel, and the stamens rigid, erect and yellow. The Souimanga Sunbird (Nectarinia souimanga) is widespread and common in Madagascar, and is probably the main pollinator of these species.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

6.06

(1)Produces seed, with no evidence of vegetative spread

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.02

(1)Plant with ornamental potential, but no evidence to date

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.03

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm. [no evidence, and relatively large seeds not grown with produce]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.04

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm.

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.05

(1)HABITAT. In deciduous woodland and xerophytic vegetation on limestone rocks and 'tsingy' (exposed and highly eroded limestone pinnacles and karst), and on sand over limestone near the coast, at up to c. 250 m altitude. [coastal distribution suggests possibly water-dispersed]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.06

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm. [not fleshy-fruited]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.07

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

7.08

Unknown

8.01

(1)Pods long, strap- shaped, flattened, (230-)350 - 500 x (35-)40 - 48 mm, densely and softly velvety- pubescent, containing c. 20 - 30 seeds. Seeds elongate-ellipsoidal, 16 - 19 x 6 5- 8 x 6-7 mm. [unlikely, given rarity of tree, and relatively large seeds]

(1)Du Puy, D. J., P. B. Phillipson, and R. Rabevohitra. 1995. The Genus Delonix (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Caesalpinieae) in Madagascar. Kew Bulletin 50(3): 445-475.

8.02

(1)'D. regia seed is able to germinate at a wide range of soil pH values (4.9-10.6), but take a long time to germinate and may lie buried in the soil for 2-3 years without germinating.' [unknown, but related species D. regia has long-lived seed bank]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

(1)Cut stump application of 50% Garlon 3A. [probably yes, as related D. regia controlled with herbicides]

(1)http://www.floridainvasives.org/workinggroups/InvasivePlants_Uplands_02-03_keys.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown [rare plant in native range with no need for biocontrol agents]