Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cyrtostachys renda (sealing wax palm, lipstick palm)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Cytostachys renda is native to lowland rain forest and coastal swamps in Thailand, Sumatra, Malaysia and Borneo.

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

2.02

A very popular garden and landscaping plant in south-east Asia, but unfortunately rarely seen outside the tropics.

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Cyrtostachys/renda.html

2.03

(1)It is mariginal is zone 10b. (2)C. renda is exclusive to peat swamp forest, usually near the coast, where it can be a conspicuous component of the vegetation…' (3)In colder areas, impossible to grow outdoors.

(1)Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A. (2)Uhl, N.W. and Dransfield J. 1987. General Palmarum. Allen Press, Inc. Lawerence, Kansas. (3)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/cyrtostachys-renda.htm

2.04

Cytostachys renda is native to lowland rain forest and coastal swamps in Thailand, Sumatra, Malaysia and Borneo.

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

2.05

A very popular garden and landscaping plant in south-east Asia, but unfortunately rarely seen outside the tropics.

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Cyrtostachys/renda.html

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

Unarmed.

http://www.arcbc.org/arcbcweb/ASEAN_Precious_plants/horticulture/Cyrtostachys_renda_Blume.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No evidence

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Brooksia tropicalis was listed to be associated with C. renda.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1)The palm needs abundant and constant moisture and constantly tropical temperatures. It is almost aquatic and is often grown in ponds, potted or free of containers. (2)C. renda is characteristically found in peat-swamp forest at low altitude, where it may form a conspicuous component of the vegetation. [moist environments]

(1)Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A. (2)http://www.arcbc.org/arcbcweb/ASEAN_Precious_plants/horticulture/Cyrtostachys_renda_Blume.htm

4.09

'While it readily adapts to full sun when mature, it likes partial shade when young.'

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

4.1

'The richer the soil the better; in fact, it grows in peat swamps in most of its habitat.

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

4.11

A clumping palm.

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Arecaeceae

5.02

A solitary palm.

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

5.03

Arecaeceae

5.04

Arecaeceae

6.01

'The inflorescences grow from beneath the crownshaft …They bear small greenish white or greenish yellow male and female flowers. The fruits are 0.5 inch wide, round and black.'

Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A.

6.02

Propagation - Fresh seeds are needed and should germinate within 2 months.

Krempin, J. 1990. Palms and Cycads Around the World. Horwitz Grahame Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

Sex monoecious. Self pollinating for seed production.

Krempin, J. 1990. Palms and Cycads Around the World. Horwitz Grahame Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia.

6.05

Self pollinating for seed production.' [typical insect-pollinated palm flowers]

Krempin, J. 1990. Palms and Cycads Around the World. Horwitz Grahame Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia.

6.06

(1)Propagation - Fresh seeds are needed and should germinate within 2 months. (2)Propagation Fresh seeds in 2-4 weeks.

(1)Krempin, J. 1990. Palms and Cycads Around the World. Horwitz Grahame Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia. (2)http://www.palmsandgardens.biz/palms/product_info.php?products_id=196

6.07

Young plants stay small (a few inches tall) for perhaps 3 years, then begin to grow, and slowly. [minimum]

http://mgonline.com/redsealingwax.html

7.01

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

(1)Landscaping Use Beautiful palm for tropical region. (2)A very popular garden and landscaping plant in south-east Asia, but unfortunately rarely seen outside the tropics.

(1)http://www.palmsandgardens.biz/palms/product_info.php?products_id=196 (2)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Cyrtostachys/renda.html

7.03

relatively large seeds. (1)The fruits are 0.5 inch wide, round and black.' (2)Fruit 1 seeded, broad to narrow-ellipsoidal. Usually black. ' (3)Seed: 0.5 inches long (1.2 cm). oval.

(1)Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A. (2)Uhl, N.W. and Dransfield J. 1987. General Palmarum. Allen Press, Inc. Lawerence, Kansas. (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Cyrtostachys_renda.html

7.04

(1) The fruit are small, black, and oblong (2) picture of the fruits 

(1) http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/Species/cyrtostachys_renda.htm (2) http://www.plantapalm.com/centralfl/ObservationSpecies.asp?PalmID=194

7.05

As they naturally grow in swamps, they are highly tolerant of flooding and can be grown in standing water. [seeds may float?]

http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/sealing_wax_palm.htm

7.06

The fruit are small, black, and oblong and the seeds usually germinate in two months (fresh seeds are a must).  [bird dispersal syndrome]

http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/Species/cyrtostachys_renda.htm

7.07

(1) The fruit are small, black, and oblong (2) picture of the fruits  [no means of external attachment]

(1) http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/Species/cyrtostachys_renda.htm (2) http://www.plantapalm.com/centralfl/ObservationSpecies.asp?PalmID=194

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

(1)The fruits are 0.5 inch wide, round and black.' (2)Fruit 1 seeded, broad to narrow-ellipsoidal. Usually black. ' (3)Seed: 0.5 inches long (1.2 cm). oval. [don't know size of fruit clusters]

(1)Riffle, L. R. and Craft, P. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland. U.S.A. (2)Uhl, N.W. and Dransfield J. 1987. General Palmarum. Allen Press, Inc. Lawerence, Kansas. (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Palm/Cyrtostachys_renda.html

8.02

Propagation - Fresh seeds are needed and should germinate within 2 months.

Krempin, J. 1990. Palms and Cycads Around the World. Horwitz Grahame Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

"Suckering (multiple trunks)." [ability to sprout from base of the plants]

http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/cyrtostachys-renda.htm

8.05

Don’t know