Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Cyamopsis tetragonoloba


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -11


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Guar Gum, Cluster Bean. Synonym(s) - Cyamopsis psoralioides DC.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-11

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)The cultivation of guar is known since almost 1,000 years on the Indian peninsula. According to Hymowitz (1972) it was domesticated at that time here from the introduced species C. senegalensis Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1,5(1832) 171, t.45, which occurs wild in West, SW and NE Africa. Other authors guess that the domestication took place in Africa and the crop came by trade to India. The variation of the crops is most obvious in Indiea, here and in the USA the guar is improved by intensive breeding programs, several cultivars are released recently.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

1.02

(1)Only known from cultivation (and occasional escapes). [no records of naturalization] (2)No evidence

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

1.03

(1)Only known from cultivation (and occasional escapes).

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

2.01

(1)Guar is a native to the Indian subcontinent. Guar is grown mainly in India, Pakistan, United States and also in some part of Africa and Australia.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

2.02

(1)Guar is a native to the Indian subcontinent. Guar is grown mainly in India, Pakistan, United States and also in some part of Africa and Australia.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

2.03

(1)A growing season of guar is 14 to 16 weeks and requires reasonably warm weather and moderate flashing rainfall with plenty of sunshine. (2)Guar is sensitive to cold, so should be grown during the warm season. A soil temperature of 70°F is necessary for seed germination

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

2.04

(1)Guar is a native plant of India where it is grown principally for its green fodder and for the pods that are used for food and feed…Guar was introduced into the United States from India in 1903. Production in the United States is centered in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arizona, but it is also adapted to locations with more tropical climates, such as in Florida and Puerto Rico.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

2.05

(1)Guar is a native to the Indian subcontinent. Guar is grown mainly in India, Pakistan, United States and also in some part of Africa and Australia. (2)Guar is a branched annual legume, native to India and Pakistan, now grown on more than 100,000 acres in this country, mainly in West Texas and Oklahoma.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/guar.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

3.01

(1)Only known from cultivation (and occasional escapes). [no records of naturalization] (2)No evidence (3)Usually cultivated as a fodder crop; also escaping [but no mention of weediness or naturalization] (4)It is not known to occur in the wild state.

(1)Hanelt, P., R. Büttner, R. Mansfeld and R. Kilian. 2001. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany. (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (3)Roy, G.P., B. K. Shukla and B. Datt. 1992. Flora of Madhya Pradesh: Chhatarpur and Damoh. APH Publishing. India. (4)Allen, O.N. and E. Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Pres. Madison, Wisconsin.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

3.05

(1)Cyamopsis senegalensis listed as an agricultural weed [no conclusive evidence found of adverse impacts from this plant]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cyamopsis_senegalensis/ [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.01

(1)Guar is a coarse, upright, bushy, drought-resistant summer annual, ranging from 2-9 feet in height. It has pointed, saw-toothed, trifoliate leaves, small purplish flowers borne along the axis of a spikelet, and hairy pods 3-4 inches long in clusters. [no evidence]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.02

(1)Guar is a native plant of India where it is grown principally for its green fodder and for the pods that are used for food and feed. It has soil-enriching properties since it is a legume. [no evidence of allelopathy]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.04

(1)In old times, Guar was only used as rich protein to feed cattle. It is also used as green vegetable in India . (2)The meal following gum extraction is excellent high-protein feed. For hay or forage, guar appears inferior to many other legumes, but the straw and stubble following combining furnish acceptable livestock pasturage.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/guar.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.05

(1)In old times, Guar was only used as rich protein to feed cattle. It is also used as green vegetable in India [no evidence of toxicity]. (2)The meal following gum extraction is excellent high-protein feed. For hay or forage, guar appears inferior to many other legumes, but the straw and stubble following combining furnish acceptable livestock pasturage.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/guar.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.06

(1)Summary Guar is reported for the first time as a host of potato virus Y. The virus produced no symptoms, or occasional faint chlorotic spots on inoculated cotyledons and unifoliate leaves. No symptoms were observed on new growth, but the virus was consistently recovered from these leaves by back-inoculation to tobacco. Neither potato virus X nor cucumber mosaic virus infected guar.

(1)Lockhart, B.E.L. and H. U. Fischer. 1977. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) as a potential differential host of potato virus Y. Potato Research 20(3): 231-233.

4.07

(1)Dermatitis of the hands, face and exposed skin surfaces has been observed in farmers who cultivate this plant [allergenic to certain people]

(1)http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/LEGU-3.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.08

(1)No evidence

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

4.09

(1)No evidence [grown in field settings and as cover crop. No mention of growth in shade or shade tolerance]

(1)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

4.10

(1)Cluster bean can be grown on almost all types of soils, but a well-drained light soil such as sandy loam soil is preferred.

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

4.11

(1)Guar is a coarse, upright, bushy, drought-resistant summer annual, ranging from 2-9 feet in height.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

4.12

(1)No evidence.

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

5.01

(1)Guar is a coarse, upright, bushy, drought-resistant summer annual, ranging from 2-9 feet in height. It has pointed, saw-toothed, trifoliate leaves, small purplish flowers borne along the axis of a spikelet, and hairy pods 3-4 inches long in clusters.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

5.03

(1)The important source of nutrition to human and animals is the legume, it regenerates soil nitrogen and the endosperm of guar seed is an important hydrocolloid widely used across a broad spectrum of industries. [an annual, herbaceous legume, not woody]

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

5.04

(1)Guar is a coarse, upright, bushy, drought-resistant summer annual, ranging from 2-9 feet in height. It has pointed, saw-toothed, trifoliate leaves, small purplish flowers borne along the axis of a spikelet, and hairy pods 3-4 inches long in clusters.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

6.01

(1)No evidence [although probably a cultivated species with no true native habitat…See 1.01]

(1)Roy, G.P., B. K. Shukla and B. Datt. 1992. Flora of Madhya Pradesh: Chhatarpur and Damoh. APH Publishing. India.

6.02

(1)The guar plant grows from 2 feet to 9 feet high. The plant’s flower buds start out white and change to a light pink as the flower opens. The flowers turn deep purple and are followed by fleshy seed pods which ripen and harvested in summer.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

6.03

(1)3-4 species [unknown if they will hybridize]

(1)Allen, O.N. and E. Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation. Univ of Wisconsin Pres. Madison, Wisconsin.

6.04

(1)Guar flowers are self-pollinating. A mature unopened bud starts out white and then changes to a light pink as petals begin to open. Finally, the flower is deep blue. (2)Guar is completely self-fertile and is highly self-pollinated.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009] (2)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

6.05

(1)Guar flowers are self-pollinating. A mature unopened bud starts out white and then changes to a light pink as petals begin to open. Finally, the flower is deep blue.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV075 [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

6.07

(1)The guar plant is an annual plant known as 'Cyamopsis Tetragonaloba'.

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

7.01

(1)The pods are oblong, 5-12 cm in length, normally containing 5-12 oval or cube-shaped seeds of variable size and color. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

7.02

(1)Guar is grown mainly in India, Pakistan, United States and also in some part of Africa and Australia. [grown as a food and gum crop]

(1)http://www.guargum.biz/guargum.html [Accessed 09 Jan 2009]

7.03

(1)Pods 4-6 cm long, clustered, rigid, fleshy pubescent; seeds 5-6, c. 4 mm long, 4-gonous, greyish-black. [no evidence that these relatively large seeds are a contaminant of produce despite widespread cultivation and use in intercropping systems]

(1)Roy, G.P., B. K. Shukla and B. Datt. 1992. Flora of Madhya Pradesh: Chhatarpur and Damoh. APH Publishing. India.

7.04

(1)The pods are oblong, 5-12 cm in length, normally containing 5-12 oval or cube-shaped seeds of variable size and color.

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

7.05

(1)No evidence that pods are buoyant

(1)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

7.06

(1)No evidence that viable seeds are consumed and spread by birds.

(1)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

7.07

(1)The pods are oblong, 5-12 cm in length, normally containing 5-12 oval or cube-shaped seeds of variable size and color. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Salunkhe, D.K. and S. S. Kadam. 1998. Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology: Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY.

7.08

(1)No evidence

(1)Baligar, V.C. and N. K. Fageria. 2007. Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops. Journal of Plant Nutrition 30: 1287–1339.

8.01

(1)Yields of about 4500 kg ha−1 of green fodder under rainfed conditions and yields nearly double this have been obtained under irrigated conditions. [yields only given for cultivated plants] (2)It is not known to occur in the wild state.

(1)Purseglove, J. W. 1974. Tropical crops: Dicotyledons. Longman. London, UK.

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Conditions: (Kaldavathi & Vanangamudi, 1990); 100% germination after 5 years hermetic storage at -18°C with 7% mc (Doijode, 1989) [unknown from natural conditions. Seeds are harvested and not allowed to remain in field]

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

(1)Abstract: Guar production in the United States is limited to a relatively small region in the semiarid southern Great Plains of Texas and Oklahoma. The lack of POST broadleaf herbicides is a potential limiting factor to increased production. A greenhouse study was initiated in 2001 at the Texas A&M Research Center near Vernon, TX to evaluate guar tolerance to 10 POST herbicides typically used in soybean or cotton. Guar seedlings were grown in pots, and herbicides with appropriate adjuvants were applied to 3-wk-old seedlings at the registered rate (1X) and twice (2X) the registered rate for soybean or cotton. The study was repeated twice, with six replications in each run. Twenry-eight d after treatment (DAT), visual injury and aboveground dry weight of viable biomass were recorded for each plant. Significant differences (P = 0.05) were noted among herbicides for visual injury and viable biomass. Little or no differences in visual injury and aboveground dry weight were observed between the control (no herbicide applied) and the 1 X rate of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid, bentazon, or imazethapyr 28 DAT. A 1 X application rate of acifluorfen, imazamox, thifensulfuron, or bromoxynil caused minor visual injury of 7 to 9% and a reduction in dry weight of 8 to 23%. Pyrithiobac and chlorimuron caused 38 and 47% visible injury and a 35 and 58% reduction in dry weight, respectively. Guar was most sensitive to lactofen, with the 1 X rate causing 100% visual injury and no recoverable aboveground biomass. This greenhouse study identified three POST herbicide candidates with potential to control broadleaf weeds in guar without noticeable plant injury, and offers data to support herbicide registrations for this minor crop.

(1)Olson, B. L. S, J.W. Sij and T.A. Baughman. 2007. Guar tolerance to postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology 21(2): 523-525.

8.04

(1)Guar is a bushy annual that is grown for gum production in India and the southwestern United States. [an annual with no evidence of resprouting after cultivation, or fire]

(1)Roecklein, J.C. and P. Leung. 1987. A Profile of Economic Plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, NJ.

8.05

Unknown


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