Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (carrotwood, tuckeroo)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Naturalized in Florida - 'While naturalized carrotwood infestations are limited primarily to coastal areas, inland populations are beginning to surface. '

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

1.03

No evidence

2.01

NATIVE RANGE: Australia, Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

2.02

2.03

[resticted to low elevation moist habitats] While carrotwood invades a variety of natural communities, including dunes, coastal strand, sand pine scrub, slash pine flatwoods, cypress swamps, freshwater marshes and river banks, it poses a special threat to coastal ecosystems like mangrove swamps and tropical hammocks.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

2.04

Naturalized in Florida - 'While naturalized carrotwood infestations are limited primarily to coastal areas, inland populations are beginning to surface. '

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

2.05

Introduced to the U.S. (1)Florida and (2)Hawai‘i, (3)California [US only?]

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm (2) Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop museum press. (3)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

3.01

Naturalized in Florida.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)Noxious weed list for Florida (2) While carrotwood invades a variety of natural communities, including dunes, coastal strand, sand pine scrub, slash pine flatwoods, cypress swamps, freshwater marshes and river banks, it poses a special threat to coastal ecosystems like mangrove swamps and tropical hammocks.

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/plantinsp/noxioustbl.htm (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Pestalotiopsis versicolor was found to be associated with this species. Did not find this to be a recognized pest. No further evidence of pests or pathogens associated with C. anacardioides.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

unlikely {a single-trunked tree growing naturally in moist coastal habitats

4.09

(1,2) Shade tolerant

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm (2)http://www.colliergov.net/natresources/exotics/car.htm

4.1

(1)Tolerates sandy, clay, loam and alkaline and acidic soils. (2)Will take any soils, including poorly drained ones.

(1)Southern Trees. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.csupomona.edu/~froth/hor231/plantlist7.html

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

4.12

(1)'Once introduced, carrotwood forms dense monocultures, crowding out and out-competing native plants for available light and nutrients.'
(2)'In the US (Florida), invades both disturbed and undisturbed areas and forms dense thickets, crowding out native vegetation.'

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.ht (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cuana.htm

5.01

Carrotwood is a fast-growing evergreen tree in the Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) that grows to a height of about 35 feet.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

In its native range (Australia), widespread in depauperate rainforests, on creek banks and on coastal dunes...

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cuana.htm

6.02

Clumps of seedlings suggest dispersal by small mammals.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

Probably not - Flowers are unisexual, with each flower cluster containing both male and female flowers. … In its native range, carrotwood is pollinated by bees, which are the likely pollinators in Florida.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

6.05

In its native range, carrotwood is pollinated by bees, which are the likely pollinators in Florida.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means.

6.07

[based on tree life form and lack of rapid growth ] (1)GROWTH RATE: Slow (2)Moderate rate of growth

(1)http://www.fuf.net/newsite/archive/pages/V36h37.html (2)http://www.csupomona.edu/~froth/hor231/plantlist7.html

7.01

Probably not - seeds relatively large and do not have any means of attachment. (1) 'Capsules yellow, subglobose, 3-furrowed and 3-ribbed, apiculate, 1.5 cm X 1.5 cm…' (2) '...three shiny black seeds encased in red or orange fleshy tissue.'

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cuana.htm (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

7.02

ornamental

7.03

[no products] - seeds relatively large. (1) 'Capsules yellow, subglobose, 3-furrowed and 3-ribbed, apiculate, 1.5 cm X 1.5 cm…seeds almost enclosed by red-orange aril' (2) '...three shiny black seeds encased in red or orange fleshy tissue.'

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cuana.htm (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

7.04

7.05

7.06

(1) '...he brightly colored fruits are very attractive to birds which disperse it widely.' (2) 'Seed, spread by birds.'

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.ht (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/cuana.htm

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment.

7.08

[bird-dispersed] Clumps of seedlings suggest dispersal by small mammals.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

8.01

Unlikely -- Only 3 seeds per fruit

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/scripts/htmlgen.exe?DOCUMENT_ag111

8.02

No information on seed bank.

8.03

Chemical control is the most common and effective method of control. Triclopyr (e.g., Garlon) has proved effective as a basal bark treatment and cut stump treatment. Glyphosate (e.g., Rodeo) is marginally successful, and usually requires retreatment.

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm

8.04

Regrowth from stump sprouts

http://www.lockharts.org/Habitat_Specialists/cw_quickie.html

8.05

'No biological control is available at this time.'

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/cuan1.htm