Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clitoria ternatea L. (Asian pigeonwings, butterfly pea)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

n

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

1

Total score:

9

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas. (2)In Hawai'i, "a popular ornamental, naturalized at least on O'ahu. Naturalized prior to 1871" (Wagner et al., 1999). In Fiji, "cultivated and also naturalized along roadsides and in villages, clearings, and canefields, at elevations up to about 300 m"

(1)Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clitoria_ternatea.htm

1.03

"There is considerable variation in the size of flowers and leaflets. Most 'cultivars' mentioned in the literature to date are ecotypes or agrotypes, not named cultivars in the true sense. However, cultivar 'Milgarra' was released in Australia in 1990."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

2.01

Origin and geographic distribution Clitoria ternatea is pantropical (20 ｰN-24 ｰS). Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas.

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

2.02

2.03

(1) Hardiness Range 9B to 11
(2) Its altitudinal range is 0-1600(-1800) m and annual mean temperature range is 19-28 ｰC. (3)tropical wet & dry (Aw), steppe or semiarid (Bs), subtropical dry winter (Cw)

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004. (3)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

2.04

Origin and geographic distribution Clitoria ternatea is pantropical (20 ｰN-24 ｰS). Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas.

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

2.05

"Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

3.01

(1)Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas. (2)In Hawai'i, "a popular ornamental, naturalized at least on O'ahu. Naturalized prior to 1871" (Wagner et al., 1999). In Fiji, "cultivated and also naturalized along roadsides and in villages, clearings, and canefields, at elevations up to about 300 m"

(1)Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clitoria_ternatea.htm

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1) suggested as a invader in natural habitat in Australia (2) list as an (potential) environmental weed and suggestion of control efforts [Australia] (3)Environmental weed of Western Australia (4)Severe weed problem

(1) http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL16/dec99-2.html (2) http://www.drytropics.org.au/ArticlesEnvWeeds4a.htm (3)Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171. (4)http://www.drytropics.org/ArticlesEnvWeeds3a.htm

3.05

no evidence

no description of these traits

4.01

no evidence

4.02

no evidence

4.03

AB: "Butterfly pea is a highly palatable forage legume and generally preferred by livestock over other legumes. It has thin stem and large leaves, nil bloat and non toxic which make it ideal for forage and hay making."

Gomez, S. M. & Kalamani, A. (2003) Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea): a nutritive multipurpose forage legume for the tropics - an overview. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2003, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 374-379, 22 ref.

4.04

AB: "Butterfly pea is a highly palatable forage legume and generally preferred by livestock over other legumes. It has thin stem and large leaves, nil bloat and non toxic which make it ideal for forage and hay making."

Gomez, S. M. & Kalamani, A. (2003) Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea): a nutritive multipurpose forage legume for the tropics - an overview. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2003, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 374-379, 22 ref.

4.05

Ascochyta pisi is a specialized pathogen on several crop species of Fabaceae

Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y., Palm, M.E., & McCray, E.B. (n.d.) Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved July 7, 2004, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

4.06

"In the Philippines young pods are eaten as a vegetable"

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

4.07

"Butterfly pea is essentially a plant of the humid and subhumid tropical lowlands, but it has a reputation for drought tolerance in the seasonally dry tropics (500-900 mm rainfall) and it has survived moderate frost damage in the subtropics (26 ｰS). It occurs in grassland, open woodland, bush, riverine vegetation, and disturbed places throughout its natural range.In the seasonally dry tropics and in cool regions, growth is limited by lack of moisture or low temperatures. Leaves are shed in response to these stresses and top growth may be killed by frost or fire." [fast growing species, dry out in dry season]

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

4.08

(1) "Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun"
(2) "It occurs in grassland, open woodland, bush, riverine vegetation, and disturbed places throughout its natural range. Butterfly pea grows best in full sun." (3)full sun to partial shade

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004. (3)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week043.shtml

4.09

(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, somewhat drought tolerant
(2) It has wide soil adaptation (pH 5.5-8.9), but prefers fertile friable soils and grows poorly on infertile sandy soils if not fertilized. It is one of the few herbaceous legumes well adapted to heavy clay soils in the subhumid to semi-arid tropics and the only one with potential in irrigated pasture mixtures on these soils.

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

4.1

Perennial climbing, scrambling or trailing herb with a strong woody rootstock. Stems do not root at the nodes, slender, 0.5-3 m long, mostly pubescent or glabrescent, sometimes suberect at the base.

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

4.11

no evidence

4.12

"It occurs in grassland, open woodland, bush, riverine vegetation, and disturbed places throughout its natural range. "

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

5.01

"Perennial climbing, scrambling or trailing herb with a strong woody rootstock."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

5.02

"Perennial climbing, scrambling or trailing herb with a strong woody rootstock." [nitrogen fixing but not woody]

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

5.03

"Perennial climbing, scrambling or trailing herb "

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

5.04

no evidence

6.01

" It is propagated by seed and readily self- propagates and spreads under favourable conditions by seed thrown vigorously from the dehiscing dry pods."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

6.02

C. purpurea and C. ternatea were crossed and their F1 and F2 progenies were raised in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India during 1999. [artificial hybrids]

Kalamani, A.& Gomez, S. M. (2001) Genetic variability in Clitoria spp. Annals of Agricultural Research, 2001, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 243-245, 3 ref.

6.03

"Flowers are cleistogamous but a small level of outcrossing occurs. "

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

6.04

"Flowers are cleistogamous but a small level of outcrossing occurs. "

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

6.05

Cuttings root readily in moist sand [normally grown from seeds; oportunities for fragmentation in nature unknown]

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week043.shtml

6.06

"Time to flowering in a collection of 58 lines (sown in January at 19 ｰ40'S) ranged from 7-11 weeks, with most lines flowering 8-9 weeks after sowing. Pods mature in 8-10 weeks after flowering and shatter readily once fully dry. "

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

6.07

In Fiji, "cultivated and also naturalized along roadsides and in villages, clearings, and canefields, at elevations up to about 300 m" [grown near traffic but the seeds are not very small or able to attach on vehicle]

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clitoria_ternatea.htm

7.01

"Its true origin is obscured by extensive cultivation or naturalization in the humid lowland tropics of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.02

harvested for forage; seeds may harvested and dispersed

Ram, S. N. , Vinod Shankar , Suresh, G. , Singh, K. K. (2002) Forage yield and quality of mixed pasture as influenced by planting pattern and harvest intervals. Range Management and Agroforestry, 2002, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 51-54, 6 ref.

7.03

Seeds 8-10, ellipsoid, oblong or oblong-reniform, sometimes truncate at one end, 4.5-7 mm x 3-4 mm, 2-2.5 mm, olive, pale brown or deep reddish-brown with dark mottling, or almost black, minutely pitted. [relatively large seeds]

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.04

" It is propagated by seed and readily self- propagates and spreads under favourable conditions by seed thrown vigorously from the dehiscing dry pods."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.05

" It is propagated by seed and readily self- propagates and spreads under favourable conditions by seed thrown vigorously from the dehiscing dry pods."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.06

" It is propagated by seed and readily self- propagates and spreads under favourable conditions by seed thrown vigorously from the dehiscing dry pods."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.07

"Seed is also spread in cattle dung."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

7.08

"Pod linear-oblong, flattened, 6-12.5 cm x 7-12 mm, margined, apiculate, glabrous or with a mixture of sparse adpressed long hairs and very short hairs. Seeds 8-10, ellipsoid, oblong or oblong-reniform, sometimes truncate at one end, 4.5-7 mm x 3-4 mm, 2-2.5 mm, olive, pale brown or deep reddish-brown with dark mottling, or almost black, minutely pitted."
[relatively large seeds]

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

8.01

"Hand-harvested seed often remains hard-seeded for a long time and requires scarification prior to sowing. Mechanical abrasion, hot water or sulphuric acid can be used to break this dormancy. Mechanically harvested or threshed seed is usually satisfactory for sowing the following wet season without further treatment."

Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004.

8.02

"low herbicide susceptibility" [vague statement - no indication of what was tested; the possibility of herbicide control may not been well exploited, since this is the only reference to a herbicide control]

http://www.drytropics.org.au/ArticlesEnvWeeds4a.htm

8.03

(1)"In the seasonally dry tropics and in cool regions, growth is limited by lack of moisture or low temperatures. Leaves are shed in response to these stresses and top growth may be killed by frost or fire. However, recovery during the following growing season is usually good, provided grazing is not heavy and continuous." (2)Recovers from “abusive” grazing.

(1)Staples, I.B., 2003. Clitoria ternatea L.. [Internet] Record number 17 from TEXTFILE On-line. Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 07 July 2004. (2)http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin148.pdf

8.04

no evidence

8.05