Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Cissus nodosa


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 8


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cissus nodosa Blume Family - Vitaceae. Common Names(s) - Javanese treebine. Synonym(s) - Vitis nodosa (Blume) Miq.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) ASIA-TROPICAL North Indian Ocean: India - Andaman and Nicobar [Andaman Islands] Malesia: Brunei; Indonesia - Celebes, Java; Malaysia

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?446767 [Accessed 22 July 2008]

2.02

2.03

(1)tropical, rarely subtropical [genus description], Sparse in the inland forests from sea level to an altitude of ca. 50 m [species description with small elevational distribution]

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India.

2.04

(1)tropical, rarely subtropical [genus description]

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India.

2.05

(1)this is one of the most common treebines grown in the islands [Hawaiian Islands] (2)The Javanese treebine should be grown outdoors [cultivated in Europe, but no indication of where in Europe]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. (2)http://www.gardening.eu/arc/plants/Climber-plants/Cissus-nodosa-Blume/15802/ [Accessed 06 August 2008]

3.01

(1)now escaped and sparingly naturalized on Kauai, Oahu and Hilo, Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)now escaped and sparingly naturalized on Kauai, Oahu and Hilo, Hawaii. [no evidence to date]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.03

(1)now escaped and sparingly naturalized on Kauai, Oahu and Hilo, Hawaii. [no evidence to date]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.04

(1)now escaped and sparingly naturalized on Kauai, Oahu and Hilo, Hawaii. [no evidence to date]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.05

1)Cissus sicioydes is a weed in citrus crop in Cuba and subjected to control (2)Cissus,incisa, ,ivy treebine,,,,"Source: "USA Composite List of Weeds" published by WSSA WEEDS 14: 347-386, 1966",,WSSA WEEDS 14: 1966

(1)Casamayor, R. & Prieto, V. (1996) Some observations on Cissus sicioydes [C. sicyoides] L. and its control in citrus crops. (Foreign Title: Algunas observaciones sobre Cissus sicioydes L. y su control en el cultivo de los cítricos.) Centro Agrícola, 1996, Vol. 23, No. 1/3, pp. 16-24, 5 ref. (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/san.html

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

Not parasitic

4.04

(1)Much of the bare land was cove-red with unpalatable shrub species like Cadaba rotundifolia and Cissus quadrangularis. [study from Kenya on related species, but no information found on palatability of C. nodosa]

(1)M. Okoti, J. C. Ng’ethe, W. N. Ekaya and D. M. Mbuvi. 2004. Land Use, Ecology, and Socio-economic Changes in a Pastoral Production System. J. Hum. Ecol. (16)2: 83-89.

4.05

(1)Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae. Succulent liane with 4-winged stems. Suspected of causing significant loss of livestock in the Sudan. [no evidence of toxicity found for C. nodosa]

(1)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/Data/608.HTM [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.06

(1)Treebines are very susceptible to attacks by mealybugs, red spider mites, scales and aphids [Genus description. No information found on pests or pathogens of C. nodosa]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

4.07

(1)Cissus rhombifolia…Dermatitis: The juice, sap, or thorns of these plants may cause a skin rash or irritation. Wash the affected area of skin with soap and water as soon as possible after contact. The rashes may be very serious and painful. [related species, but no information found for C. nodosa]

(1)http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/ce/king/poisplant/tox-com.htm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.08

(1)Sparse in the inland forests from sea level to an altitude of ca. 50 m [unlikely given sparse distribution and growth in moist, tropical environments]

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India.

4.09

(1)Exposure Full shade to partial sun [description of range among Cissus spp.]

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.10

(1)Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, salt intolerant, somewhat drought tolerant [description of Cissus spp.]

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.11

(1)large lianas.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)large lianas [vines & climbers receive a "yes" response to Question 4.11]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Vitaceae

5.03

Vitaceae

5.04

(1)Lianas or sometimes creeping perennial herbs with tuberous roots [genus description]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1)Flowers and fruits from January to March [no evidence from native range]

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India.

6.02

(1)Flowers and fruits from January to March (2)easily propagated from stem cuttings or by seed.

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

6.03

Don’t know - no evidence of any hybridization in the genus Cissus - but this genus also does not seem to be well studied or represented in the literature.

 

6.04

Don’t know.

6.05

(1)Flowers 4-merous, bisexual [genus] (2)Flowers in reddish purple cymes; petals reddish violet, green toward apex, ca. 4 mm long; nectary disk pale yellow, deeply lobed, margins thick, recurved. [unspecialized flowers likely insect pollinated]

(1)Hajra, P.K., P.S.N. Rao, and V. Mudgal. 1999. Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Volume I (Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae). Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India. (2)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.06

(1)easily propagated from stem cuttings or by seed [possibly, but no evidence from natural settings]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

6.07

Don't know [no information found on growth rate or time to maturity]

 

7.01

Probably not - not know to be grown or occur in heavily trafficked areas and seeds relatively large.

 

7.02

(1)this is one of the most common treebines grown in the islands [popular ornamental]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.03

Probably not - seeds & fruit relatively large. (1)Berry globose 0.75-1"

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.04

Probably not - seeds & fruit relatively large. (1)Berry globose 0.75-1"

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.05

No information on seed/fruit buoyancy in species

 

7.06

(1)Berries dark red, 2-2.5 cm in diameter. (2)The fleshy red berries could be dispersed by birds, assisting garden escapes.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.07

Probably not - seeds & fruit relatively large & with no means of external attachment. (1)Berry globose 0.75-1"

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.08

(1)Berries dark red, 2-2.5 cm in diameter.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.01

(1)berry one-(two-) seeded (genus description]

(1)Keng, H. 1978. Orders and Families of Malayan Seed Plants. Singapore University Press. Singapore.

8.02

No information found regarding seed longevity.

 

8.03

No information found regarding control with herbicides.

 

8.04

Possibly can tolerate mutilation - if it can be propagated vegetatively. (1)easily propagated from stem cuttings

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

8.05

Don't know


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