Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Chrysophyllum oliviforme


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 7


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Chrysophyllum oliviforme

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm

French Polynesia (Tahiti), Hawai'i.

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70175 (02 November 2001)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: United States - Florida
Southern America: Bahamas; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico

2.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70175 (02 November 2001)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: United States - Florida
Southern America: Bahamas; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico

2.03

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm; (2) Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

(1) strictly tropical. (2)USDA Hardiness Zone 10B-11

2.04

http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm; Lorence, D., T. W. Flynn and W. L. Wagner. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai'i III. New additions, range extensions and rediscoveries of flowering plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41:54.

French Polynesia (Tahiti); In Hawaii, on Kauai, Hawai'i, naturalized in secondary forest, secondary thicket and among Eucalyptus forestry plantings (Lorence et al, 1995).

2.05

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm; (2)Verheij E.W.M. & R.E. Coronel (Editors) 1991 Plant resources of South-East AsiaNo2. Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc,Wageningen, the Netherlands. ISBN90-220-0986-6
(3) Bircher, A.G. and Bircher, W.H. 2000. Encyclopedia of fruit trees and edible flowering plants. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.

(1) French Polynesia (Tahiti), Hawai'i. (2) Penisular Malaysia, Philippines, Hawai‘i (3)Egypt

3.01

http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm; Lorence, D., T. W. Flynn and W. L. Wagner. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai'i III. New additions, range extensions and rediscoveries of flowering plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41:54.

French Polynesia (Tahiti); In Hawaii, on Kauai, Hawai'i, naturalized in secondary forest, secondary thicket and among Eucalyptus forestry plantings (Lorence et al, 1995).

3.02

3.03

3.04

(1)USDI, Geological Survey. 1999. Information index for selected alien plants in Hawaii (http://www.hear.org, 20 October 1999). Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station. Makawao, Hawaii. (http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm) (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/chrysophyllum_oliviforme.htm

(1)This species cited as invasive in the Pacific (PIER)
Included in "Pest Plants of Hawaiian Native Ecosystems" (Dr. Clifford W. Smith, professor emeritus of the University of Hawaii Dept. of Botany)
Included on "Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas" list (Alien Plant Working Group of the Plant Conservation Alliance) (2)On Kauai, Hawai'i, naturalized in secondary forest, secondary thicket and among Eucalyptus forestry plantings (Lorence et al., 1995) [Lorence, D., T. W. Flynn and W. L. Wagner. 1995.Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i III. New additions, range extensions and rediscoveries of flowering plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41:54.]

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

no evidence

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1)Denmark, H. A. 1971. Eriophyes chrysophylli Cook in Florida (Acarina: Eriophyidae). Entomology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1971, No.114, 2 pp.abstract. (2)http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pe/page17.htm

(1)Eriophyes chrysophylli Cook and on the distribution and the economic importance of the mite on Chrysophyllum cainito, which bears edible fruit and was introduced into Florida, and on C. oliviforme, which is native to Florida. (may carry parasites to sapote fruit) (2)Host for fruit flies

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Gilman E.F. 1996. Horticopia-Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. Desops, Ltd.

low flammability

4.09

(1)Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida (2)http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/CHROLIA.pdf (3)http://southeast.fws.gov/vbpdfs/commun/thh.pdf

(1)full sun, partial sun, partial shade (2)tree grows in part shade/part sun;
tree grows in full sun (3)Common subcanopy and understory tree [in native habitat]

4.1

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

sand, loam, clay; acidic, alkaline

4.11

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

tree

4.12

http://www.hear.org/pier/choli.htm; Lorence, D., T. W. Flynn and W. L. Wagner. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai'i III. New additions, range extensions and rediscoveries of flowering plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41:54.

On Kauai, Hawai'i, naturalized in secondary forest, secondary thicket and among Eucalyptus forestry plantings (Lorence et al, 1995).

5.01

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

5.02

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

tree

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

tree

6.01

http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=3582

Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act, but no evidence that decline is due to reduced reproductive output. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

6.02

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

escaped by bird dispersal

6.03

no mention from Florida where the threats to this rare species are being studied.

6.04

6.05

produce fruits in Hawaii

6.06

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

6.07

(1)Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa (2)Bircher, A.G. and Bircher, W.H. 2000. Encyclopedia of fruit trees and edible flowering plants. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.

very slow growing, heavy (heavy) wood

7.01

(1)Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231. (2)Bircher, A.G. and Bircher, W.H. 2000. Encyclopedia of fruit trees and edible flowering plants. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.

(1)fleshy fruit up to 2 cm long (2)Fruits collected for jams and eaten fresh (seeds discarded)

7.02

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

A common ornamental tree

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

fleshy fruit up to 2 cm long

7.05

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

7.06

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

fleshy fruit dispersed by game birds

7.07

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

fleshy fruit up to 2 cm long

7.08

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

bird dispersed

8.01

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. p. 1231.

1 seed/fruit

8.02

8.03

8.04

no evidence

8.05


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