Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 15
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments |
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Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Family - Solanaceae. Common Names(s) - orange cestrum, yellow cestrum, orangesestrum, coerana. Synonym(s) - Cestrum chaculanum, Cestrum paucinervium |
Answer |
Score |
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|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
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|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
||
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? |
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
2 |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
||
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
4 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
2 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
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|
4.10 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
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|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
2 or 3 |
0 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
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|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
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Total score: |
15 |
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Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Source |
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1.01 |
No evidence. |
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1.02 |
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|
1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1) Native: Mexico - San Luis Potosi, Chiapas; Costa Rica, Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9991#common [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
|
2.02 |
(1) Native: Mexico - San Luis Potosi, Chiapas; Costa Rica, Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9991#common [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
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2.03 |
(1) USDA Zones: 8a-11. (2) In Zimbabwe found from 1210-1530 m. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/51480/ [Cited 2010 May 5]. (2) http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=150840 [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
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2.04 |
(1) Native: Mexico - San Luis Potosi, Chiapas; Costa Rica, Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9991#common [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
|
2.05 |
(1) Considered a Category 1 weed in Africa [no details on control efforts]. (2) A garden escapee in Zimbabwe, slightly invasive in wetter parts of the country. (3) Cestrum auranantiacum is considered a category 1 weed in South Africa. Category 1 weeds "are prohibited plants that will no longer be tolerated, neither in rural nor urban areas, except with the written permission of the executive officer or in an approved biocontrol reserve. These plants may no longer be planted or propagated, and all trade in their seeds, cuttings or other propagative material is prohibited. They may not be transported or be allowed to disperse. Plant species were included in this list for one or more of the following reasons: they might pose a serious health risk to humans or livestock, cause serious financial losses to land users, be able to invade undisturbed environments and transform or degrade natural plant communities, use more water than the plant communities they replace or be particularly difficult to control." (4) Escaped from gardens and naturalized around Darjeeling |
(1) http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens2.htm [Cited
2010 May 5] (2) http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=150840
[Cited 2010 May 5]. (3) http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=1031 [Cited
2010 May 5]. (4)
http://books.google.com/books?id=fCt3zd8cGaIC&pg=PA579&lpg=PA579&dq= |
|
3.01 |
(1) Escaped from gardens and naturalized around Darjeeling (2) Naturalized on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=fCt3zd8cGaIC&pg=PA579&lpg=PA579&dq= |
|
3.02 |
[scored yes for environmental weed] (1) Considered a Category 1 weed in Africa [no details on control efforts]. (2) A garden escapee in Zimbabwe, slightly invasive in wetter parts of the country. (3) Cestrum auranantiacum is considered a category 1 weed in South Africa. Category 1 weeds "are prohibited plants that will no longer be tolerated, neither in rural nor urban areas, except with the written permission of the executive officer or in an approved biocontrol reserve. These plants may no longer be planted or propagated, and all trade in their seeds, cuttings or other propagative material is prohibited. They may not be transported or be allowed to disperse. Plant species were included in this list for one or more of the following reasons: they might pose a serious health risk to humans or livestock, cause serious financial losses to land users, be able to invade undisturbed environments and transform or degrade natural plant communities, use more water than the plant communities they replace or be particularly difficult to control." |
(1) http://www.plantzafrica.com/miscell/aliens2.htm [Cited 2010 May 5] (2) http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=150840 [Cited 2010 May 5]. (3) http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=1031 [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
|
3.03 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cestrum_aurantiacum/ [Cited 2010 May 6]. |
|
3.04 |
(1) Considered an environmental weed in New Zealand. |
(1) Owen, S.J. (1996). Weeds of concern on conservation lands in New Zealand. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. 118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. |
|
3.05 |
(1) Cestrum parqui is a garden escape/weed in Australia. It has a seedbank, is dispersed by birds and is toxic to cattle. |
(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S02 [Cited 2010 May 5]. |
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4.01 |
(1) Shrubs, pubescent on young growth, glabrescent. Petiole 1-1.4 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 4-7 × 2-4 cm. Inflorescences erect, terminal or axillary racemose panicles; bracts deciduous, leaflike, to 7 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm, sometimes with 5 prominent longitudinal ribs; teeth ca. 1 mm, often somewhat unequal. Corolla golden yellow, 1.4-2 cm, gradually expanded upwards, glabrous, lobes 3-4 mm. Filaments denticulate, pubescent at point of insertion. Berry white, ovoid, 7-11 mm; persistent calyx often splitting. Seeds ca. 4 |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
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4.02 |
Unknown |
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4.03 |
(1) Not parasitic. |
(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2010 May 6]. |
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4.04 |
(1) "I would point out that as a matter of common observation stock will often not touch a green plant, (Cestrum aurantiacum), while leaves of the same tree which have been cut or broken off and allowed to wilt are acceptable to them." (2) Unpalatable. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=Px7OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA544&lpg=PA544&dq=Cestrum+aurantiacum |
|
4.05 |
(1) Young leaves are injurious to sheep. (2) "Other members of the genus, Cestrum nocturnum (night-blooming jessamine) (Fig. 9-1B), C. aurantiacum (Fig. 9-1C), and C. parqui (green cestrum, willow-leafed jessamine) cause toxicity in livestock through the action of atropine-like alkaloids that are common in the family Solanaceae (see Chapter 3). These species of Cestrum have not been associated with calcinosis." |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=fCt3zd8cGaIC&pg=PA579&lpg=PA579&dq= |
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4.06 |
Unknown |
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4.07 |
(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in ToxNet. |
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 May 6]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 May 6]. |
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4.08 |
Unknown |
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4.09 |
(1) Sun to partial shade. (2) Full sun, part sun, part shade. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/51480/ [Cited 2010 May 5]. (2) http://www.almostedenplants.com/shopping/shopexd.asp?id=749 [Cited 2010 May 6] |
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4.10 |
(1) Prefers well-drained loamy soil. (2) Soil: Mildly acidic to neutral, rich, fertile loam |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=InfzaeniKyIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq= |
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4.11 |
(1) Shrubs, pubescent on young growth, glabrescent. Petiole 1-1.4 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 4-7 × 2-4 cm. Inflorescences erect, terminal or axillary racemose panicles; bracts deciduous, leaflike, to 7 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm, sometimes with 5 prominent longitudinal ribs; teeth ca. 1 mm, often somewhat unequal. Corolla golden yellow, 1.4-2 cm, gradually expanded upwards, glabrous, lobes 3-4 mm. Filaments denticulate, pubescent at point of insertion. Berry white, ovoid, 7-11 mm; persistent calyx often splitting. Seeds ca. 4 |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
|
4.12 |
(1) Garden escape forming thickets in New Zealand. |
(1) http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_85/rsnz_85_04_005990.pdf [Cited 2010 May 5}. |
|
5.01 |
(1) Terrestrial |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
|
5.02 |
(1) Solanaceae |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
|
5.03 |
(1) Solanaceae |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
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5.04 |
(1) Shrubs, pubescent on young growth, glabrescent. Petiole 1-1.4 cm; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 4-7 × 2-4 cm. Inflorescences erect, terminal or axillary racemose panicles; bracts deciduous, leaflike, to 7 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm, sometimes with 5 prominent longitudinal ribs; teeth ca. 1 mm, often somewhat unequal. Corolla golden yellow, 1.4-2 cm, gradually expanded upwards, glabrous, lobes 3-4 mm. Filaments denticulate, pubescent at point of insertion. Berry white, ovoid, 7-11 mm; persistent calyx often splitting. Seeds ca. 4 |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200020514 [Cited 2010 May 5] |
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6.01 |
No evidence. |
|
|
6.02 |
(1) Propagated by cuttings and seeds. (2) No seeds seen in Hawaii. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=InfzaeniKyIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=cestrum+aurantiacum |
|
6.03 |
Unknown |
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|
6.04 |
(1) Capable of autogamy. |
(1) Rambuda, T. D. and S. D. Johnson (2004). "Breeding systems of invasive alien plants in South Africa: does Baker's rule apply?" Diversity and Distributions 10(5-6): 409-416. |
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6.05 |
Unknown |
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|
6.06 |
(1) Propagated by cuttings and seeds. (2) Plants spread by suckers. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=InfzaeniKyIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=cestrum+aurantiacum |
|
6.07 |
(1) Growth rate: fast |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Oy0mk0Kr8bcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=Cestrum+aurantiacum+%2B+%22 |
|
7.01 |
Unknown (1) Plants produce suckers. |
(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
7.02 |
(1) Ornamental tropical shrub that attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. (2) The Nursery at Ty Ty has Cestrum aurantiacum for sale. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Oy0mk0Kr8bcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA97&dq=Cestrum+aurantiacum |
|
7.03 |
No evidence of produce contamination. |
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|
7.04 |
(1) Fruit a berry. |
(1) Staples |
|
7.05 |
Unknown |
|
|
7.06 |
(1) Fruit a berry. |
(1) Staples |
|
7.07 |
(1) Fruit a berry. [no means of attachment] |
(1) Staples |
|
7.08 |
Probably. (1) Fruit a berry. |
(1) Staples |
|
8.01 |
Unknown |
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8.02 |
Unknown |
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8.03 |
Unknown |
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|
8.04 |
(1) "This woody shrub gets killed to the ground in winter in northern Florida, but recovers in the Spring." (2) Plants produces suckers. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=InfzaeniKyIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq= |
|
8.05 |
Unknown |
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