Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 2 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Ceiba pentandra (kapok, kapok tree, silk-cotton tree) - Bombacaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | n | -1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | y | 1 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | n | -1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y | 1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | y | -1 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 0 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 2 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | "It is believed that C. pentandra originated in Central America, but its history cannot be accurately reconstructed. Since the tree has been cultivated widely in the tropics for a long time, different species and varieties have been described by Aubreville (1950, 1959) and other authors. In Africa, the natural phytogeographical distribution of C. pentandra corresponds to the 'Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism', the 'Guineo-Congolia/Sudania Regional Transition Zone' and the drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforests in West Africa (Guineo-Congolian Regional Centre of Endemism). In the latter it grows mostly in association with Khaya grandifoliola, Afzelia africana, Triplochiton scleroxylon, and Terminalia superba (White, 1983)." [Although the species is widely cultivated no evidence that the cultivated and naturally occuring species are different.] | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 1.02 | (1)Naturalized on Marquesas Islands. (2)Reported to be invasive on several Polynesian Islands such as Society Islands, Tonga, French Polynesia, Federal States of Micronesia. |
(1)http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora /results.cfm?genus=Ceiba&specificepithet=pentandra&rank=&epithet1= (2)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ceiba_pentandra.htm |
| 1.03 | Since the tree has been cultivated widely in the tropics for a long time, different species and varieties have been described by Aubreville (1950, 1959) and other authors. [No evidence that these varieties are weedy]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.01 | C. pentandra is a pantropical.' "It is believed that C. pentandra originated in Central America, but its history cannot be accurately reconstructed. Since the tree has been cultivated widely in the tropics for a long time, different species and varieties have been described by Aubreville (1950, 1959) and other authors. In Africa, the natural phytogeographical distribution of C. pentandra corresponds to the 'Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism', the 'Guineo-Congolia/Sudania Regional Transition Zone' and the drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforests in West Africa (Guineo-Congolian Regional Centre of Endemism). In the latter it grows mostly in association with Khaya grandifoliola, Afzelia africana, Triplochiton scleroxylon, and Terminalia superba (White, 1983)." | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.02 | (1)Native range: Tropical America. (2)"It is believed that C. pentandra originated in Central America, but its history cannot be accurately reconstructed. Since the tree has been cultivated widely in the tropics for a long time, different species and varieties have been described by Aubreville (1950, 1959) and other authors. In Africa, the natural phytogeographical distribution of C. pentandra corresponds to the 'Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism', the 'Guineo-Congolia/Sudania Regional Transition Zone' and the drier peripheral semi-evergreen Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforests in West Africa (Guineo-Congolian Regional Centre of Endemism). In the latter it grows mostly in association with Khaya grandifoliola, Afzelia africana, Triplochiton scleroxylon, and Terminalia superba (White, 1983)." | (1)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ceiba_pentandra.htm (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.03 |
(1)"C. pentandra can be found in South and Central America, Africa and Asia
in various types of evergreen and deciduous moist forest, as well as in dry
forest and gallery forests. As a pioneer tree species, it most often occurs
in secondary forests and is therefore an indicator of human interference."
- Altitude range: 0 - 2500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 750 - 3000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; bimodal; uniform - Dry season duration: 3 - 6 months - Mean annual temperature: 20 - 35ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 37 - 45ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 5 - 19ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 0ºC (2)Grows well in a range of environments from savannah to forest, and although commercially grown on rich volcanic soils also tolerates poor soils. It requres a marked dry season and sheds its leaves during drought |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ceiba_pentandra.htm |
| 2.04 | ||
| 2.05 | C. pentandra is a pantropical, moderate to large pioneer species, reaching heights of over 60 m.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 3.01 | (1)Naturalized on Marquesas Islands. (2)Reported to be invasive on several Polynesian Islands such as Society Islands, Tonga, French Polynesia, Federal States of Micronesia. |
(1)http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora/ results.cfm?genus=Ceiba&specificepithet=pentandra&rank=&epithet1= (2)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ceiba_pentandra.htm |
| 3.02 | (1)Common and weedy on Tonga. (2) | |
| 3.03 | ||
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structues. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | The seeds and leaves produce a suitable fodder. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.05 |