Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. (trumpet, trumpet-tree, guaramo, guarumbo, guarumo) Cecropia mexicana Hemsi. Cecropiaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3-5

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

10

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) C. obtusifolia has not been planted artificially and all the trees are regenerated naturally.

(1) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2003-12-08.1432/file

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Central Mexico, Central America - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Western South America - Columbia, Ecuador

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cecropia%20obtusifolia

2.02

(1) Native to Central Mexico, Central America - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Western South America - Columbia, Ecuador

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cecropia%20obtusifolia

2.03

(1) C. obtusifolia thrives in areas of high rainfall (2000 to 3600 mm per year). It grows well in a wide range of soils, poor or well drained and is found in elevations ranging from lowlands to 1300 m.

(1) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2003-12-08.1432/file

2.04

(1) Native to Central Mexico, Central America - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Western South America - Columbia, Ecuador

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cecropia%20obtusifolia

2.05

(1) http://www.growit.com/bin/AvaibleKW.exe?

3.01

(1) Naturalized in pastures and low elevation wet forests on Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Hawai'i (2) Considered very invasive on the island of Rarontoga (3) It was aerially seeded in the Panaewa Forest Reserve near Hilo in 1928 and has become naturalized there and in the lower Waiakea Forest Reserve. It is also common near Kilauea, Kauai, where ft has naturalized, and at the end of Manoa Road on Oahu.

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). (2) Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp. (3) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Cecropia_obtusifolia.pdf 

3.02

(1) Staples, G.W. and D.R. Herbst. c2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI 908 p.

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1) This species is reported to be invasive on the Cook Island of Rarotonga. C. obtusifolia. Although I was unable to find information on the impacts of infestations on ecosystems . documented in the literature, there are ecological traits that support its ability to invade disturbed areas (slides, etc). C. obtusifolia is a pioneer gap species that is shade intolerant but grows rapidly once seeds germinate. The trees reproductively mature in 3-5 years, increasing fecundity until death. Cecropia species host nests of Azteca sp. (ants) in their native distribution. Anoplolepis longipes was one of the most common ants found on Cecropis obtusifolia plants on Hawaii in a study in 1997

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/cecropia_obtusifolia.htm

3.05

(1) Cecropia peltata is considered invasive in French Polynesia.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/cecropia_peltata.htm

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

No literature suggesting toxicity

4.06

(1) Not a host, but in this study Anoplolepis longipes (Anoplolepis gracilipes ) was one of the most common ants found on C. obtusifolia leaves on the Big Island of Hawaii. A. longipes were tending aphids and coccids.

(1) Wetter, J.K. 1997. Ants on Cecropia in Hawaii. Biotropica 29 (1):128-132.

4.07

(1) This study concluded that the aqueous extracts of Cecropia obtusifolia have a significant hypoglycemic effect with no adverse effects on humans. C. obtusifolia is widely used as a traditional Mexican medicine. (2) Authors concluded from the study that an extract of C. obtusifolia has potential to treat Type II Diabetes.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291702?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.
Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum (2) Sndrade-Cetto, A. Heinrich, M. 2005. Mexican plants with hypoglycaemic effect used in the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99:325-348.

4.08

unknown

(1) http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/cec_obt.htm

4.09

(1) C. obtusifolia is a shade-intolerant species. It is a pioneer tree species that germinates in tree fall gaps.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290

4.10

(1) C. obtusifolia grows well in a wide range of soils, poor or well drained.

(1) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2003-12-08.1432/file

4.11

(1) C. obtusifolia is a dioecious 25-30 m tree.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290

4.12

(1) Forms monotypic stands, other plants can invade under it

(1) http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/cec_obt.htm

5.01

(1) C. obtusifolia is a dioecious 25-30 m tree.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290 (1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.02

(1) C. obtusifolia is a dioecious 25-30 m tree.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290 (1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.03

(1) The genus Cecropia does not fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation

5.04

(1) C. obtusifolia is a dioecious 25-30 m tree.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290 (1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

6.01

(1) C.obtusifolia has a high mortality rate in the seed, seedling and juvenile stages. In this study only 40% of the seeds reached the soil.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290

6.02

(1) In this study 40% of the seeds reached the soil and half of them were viable. However, each inflorescence bud has clusters of 3-5 spadices. Each spadix bears 2700-4700 achenes.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290

6.03

This tree species has been well-studied and there is no mention of hybridization

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290 (2) http://www.rngr.n (3) Kaufman, S.R., P.E. Smouse, E.R. Alvarez-Buylla.1998. Pollen-mediated gene flow and differential male reproductive success in a tropical tree, Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. (Moraceae): a paternity analysis. heredity 81:164_173

6.04

(1) C. obtusifolia is a dioecious 25-30 m tree.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290

6.05

(1) wind pollinated

(1) Kaufman, S.R, P.E. Smouse and E.R. Alvarz-Buylla.1998. Pollen-mediated gene flow and differential male reproductive success in a tropical pioneer tree, Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. (Moraceae): a paternity analysis. Heredity 81:164-173

6.06

No references to reproduction by vegetative fragmentation in the literature. All of the literature on reproduction refers to seed dispersal.

6.07

trees are 5 to 6 years old.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinz-Ramos.1992. Demography and allometry of Cecropia obtusifolia, a neotropical pioneer tree-an evaluation of the climax - pioneer paradigm for tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology. 80:275-290 (2) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2003-12-08.1432/file

7.01

no evidence

7.02

(1) Teakettle Enterprises sells seeds online (2) Widely used in Mexico as a traditional medicine and the constituents are being researched as a diabetic medicine. (3) Traditionally used by the Rama people of Nicaragua.

(1) http://www.teaket.com/nonpalmslist.htm (2) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4MVF4X1-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1
&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=72d0800ec80c3ede0b768ab0af4e20d7 (3) Coe, F.G. 2008. Ethnomedicine of the Rama of Southeastern Nicaragua. Journal of Ethnobiology 28 (1):1-38.

7.03

No evidence of dispersal as a produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) Plants produce fleshy infructescences.

(1) Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, C. Vazquez-Yanes. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. 1984. Biotropica. 16 (4):315-318.

7.05

(1) Plants produce fleshy infructescences.

(1) Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, C. Vazquez-Yanes. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. 1984. Biotropica. 16 (4):315-318.

7.06

(1) Study indicated that 48 animal species, including an insect, a reptile, birds, and mammals utilize the fruit.

(1) Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, C. Vazquez-Yanes. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. 1984. Biotropica. 16 (4):315-318.

7.07

(1) Two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis disperse seeds in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapis Mexico. C. obtusifolia is a major food source for several bat species and other frugivores. (2) Study indicated that 48 animal species, including an insect, a reptile, birds, and mammals utilize the fruit.

(1) Medellin, R.A. 1994. Seed dispersal of Cecropia obtusifolia by two species of opossums in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica 26 (4);400-407 (2) Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, C. Vazquez-Yanes. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. 1984. Biotropica. 16 (4):315-318.

7.08

(1) Two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis disperse seeds in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapis Mexico. C. obtusifolia is a major food source for several bat species and other frugivores.

(1) Medellin, R.A. 1994. Seed dispersal of Cecropia obtusifolia by two species of opossums in the Selva Lacanona, Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica 26 (4):400-407.

8.01

(1) Study at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico indicated that 900,141 seeds were produces by each female tree at each fruiting.

(1) Estrada, A., R. Coates-Estrada, C. Vazquez-Yanes. Observations on fruiting and dispersers of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. 1984. Biotropica. 16 (4):315-318.

8.02

(1) Seed bank has a turnover of c. 1 year at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. (2) The seeds remain viable in the substrate for 1 year, then germination drops drastically to 3 percent.

(1) Alvarez-Buylla, E.R. and M. Martinez-Ramos. 1990. Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical pioneer tree. Oecologia. 84:314-325. (2) http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2003-12-08.1432/file

8.03

unknown

8.04

unknown

8.05

No reports or evidence of natural enemies present in Hawaiian Islands (1) Naturalized in pastures and low elevation wet forests on Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Hawai'i (2) It was aerially seeded in the Panaewa Forest Reserve near Hilo in 1928 and has become naturalized there and in the lower Waiakea Forest Reserve. It is also common near Kilauea, Kauai, where ft has naturalized, and at the end of Manoa Road on Oahu.

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). (2) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Cecropia_obtusifolia.pdf