Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Catalpa longissima (syn. Bignonia longissima Jacq., Macrocatalpa longissima); Haitian catalpa, Haitian oak, Jamaica oak

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

(1)Occurrence: Hispaniola & Jamaica; naturalized in Martinique, Guadeloupe, & the Grenadines; planted in Florida, Hawaii, & the West Indies (2)Could be NATIVE to Martinique, Guadeloupe, & the Grenadines

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
[France]
Martinique
Caribbean: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf (2)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona.

(1)up to 1,000 m. in elevation, humid sub-tropical forest, coastal plains, flood plains, up to foot hills, narrow geographic range in Caribean. (2)open plains and gullies or thickets, mostly on gravely soil

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Caribbean: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica [France]Martinique

2.05

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

Occurrence: Hispaniola & Jamaica; naturalized in Martinique, Guadeloupe, & the Grenadines; planted in Florida, Hawaii, & the West Indies

3.01

(1)http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

(1)Occurrence: Hispaniola & Jamaica; naturalized in Martinique, Guadeloupe, & the Grenadines; planted in Florida, Hawaii, & the West Indies (2)Could be NATIVE to Martinique, Guadeloupe, & the Grenadines

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

not recognized as a fodder

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Basilis, G. (1978) Roble [Catalpa longissima]. [FT: El roble.] Forestal, 1978, Vol.2, No.8, pp.18-21, 3 ref.

AB: "a hardwood species widely distributed on fertile soils throughout the lowlands of the Dominican Republic within the subtropical rain-forest zone."

4.09

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115

"sunny places are prefered"

4.1

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115 (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

(1) "moist but well-drained soils " (2)Grows naturally on sandy soils

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Bignoniaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

"Haitian catalpa flowers vary from white to solid rose in color; they appear irregularly throughout the year. Even 6-month-old seedlings flower, and abundant seed crops are borne by the age of 18 months (Francis 1993). Francis (1993) has reported 40% germination of Haitian catalpa in 8 days on potting mix."

6.02

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

Francis (1993) has reported 40% germination of Haitian catalpa in 8 days on potting mix. This species can be sown directly into containers; germination begins in about 10 days.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115 (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

(1)"Flowers several, borne in terminal or subterminal panicles. Corolla of fused petals, bell-shaped, 2.5-3.5cm long, two-lipped with five rounded lobes, white to pink with purple lines within" [unusual floral morphology] (2)Insect pollinated [but no specific taxa mentioned]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

Haitian catalpa flowers vary from white to solid rose in color; they appear irregularly throughout the year. Even 6-month-old seedlings flower, and abundant seed crops are borne by the age of 18 months (Francis 1993).

7.01

AB: "the tree is usually only planted on boundary strips, along roadsides etc." [vehicle air turbulence along roadsides]

7.02

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

Haitian catalpa, or yokewood, a native of the West Indies, has also been widely planted for forestry and ornamental purposes.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1)http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

(1)"Each capsule contains numerous oblong, thin, papery, winged seeds 1 to 5 cm long and about 1 to 6 mm wide" ; "Haitian catalpa are by far the smallest of these three" (2) wind dispersed

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of being ingested

8.01

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf (2) http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf (3) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.115

(1) 600,000 ± 18,000 seeds per kilogram (small seeds) (2) C. longissima Puerto Rico C 572,000 to 618,000 cleaned seeds/kg average 600,000 seeds/kg (3) Fruit a 30-60cm long, containing many hairy seeds.

8.02

http://wpsm.net/Catalpa.pdf

Germination tests. Seeds of all 3 species germinate promptly without pretreatment.; Francis (1993) has reported 40% germination of Haitian catalpa in 8 days on potting mix. Successful storage for 2 years has been reported for southern catalpa (Bonner and Graney 1974) and 1 year for Haitian catalpa (Francis 1990).

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Catalpalongissima.pdf

Young trees resprout easily after being cut.

8.05

no evidence