Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Cardiospermum halicacabum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 12


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cardiospermum halicacabum (love - in- a- puff, balloon vine, heart seed)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

12

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2) Localized naturalized in S. Europe. (3) Naturalized in India. (3) Naturalized in Japan and (4) Philippine

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Cardiospermum+halicacabum (3)Walker, E.H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington DC. (4)Merrill, e. D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of printing.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

'Widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the world but probably native only to southern United States and the Neotropics…'

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

2.02

2.03

occurs on low elevation disturbed sites

http://www.hear.org/pier3/cahal.htm

2.04

'Widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the world but probably native only to southern United States and the Neotropics…'

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

2.05

'Widespread in tropical and subtropical parts of the world but probably native only to southern United States and the Neotropics…'

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

3.01

(1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2) Localized naturalized in S. Europe. (3) Naturalized in India. (3) Naturalized in Japan and (4) Philippine

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Cardiospermum+halicacabum (3)Walker, E.H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington DC. (4)Merrill, e. D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of printing.

3.02

(1)A minor invasive species in Micronesia. Invasive in Cook and Solomon Islands. occurs on low elevation disturbed sites

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/cahal.htm

3.03

(1)Principal weed in Australia. (2)Recognized as noxious weed in the state of Tennessee, Texas and several other states. (3)Noxious weed in most southern states in the U.S. (4)Balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum), a summer annual, is rapidly becoming a serious problem for soybean producers, particularly seed producers since the seeds are of a similar size. Germination was maximum at 95 deg F and emergence greatest from depths of 0.5-2 inches. Effective herbicides are listed.

(1)An electronic atlas of weed and invasive species. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/noxiousweeds3.html (3)http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H423.htm (4) Johnston, S. K.; Jolley, E. R.; Murray, D. S. 1977. Weed watch - balloonvine. Weeds Today. Vol.9, No.1, p.10

3.04

(1)Potentially invasive vine.

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/200100017.html

3.05

Cardiospermum grandiflorum is listed as "present" in Ghana and Nigeria (NOT a common or important weed there) Cardiospermum microcarpum is listed as "present' in Trinidad

An electronic atlas of weed and invasive species. CD-ROM database.

4.01

No evidence

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

This site lists the following fungi to be associated with C. halicacabum: Cercospora cardiospermi: Mauritius
Fusicolla oidioides: Argentina
Puccinia arechavalatae: Mexico
Puccinia arechavaletae: Barbados
Synchytrium cardiosperm
Web search showed none of the above species to be recognized pests.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

No information on fire ecology. possible if vines die back after covering other vegetation (cooler climates).

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2)It cannot grow in the shade. (3) 'Grow the plant in full sun …'

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/648/ (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Cardiospermum+halicacabum (3)http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modop/00000285.html

4.1

The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Cardiospermum+halicacabum

4.11

'The plant climbs by tendrils so will need some sort of support on which to climb.' [However no evidence of it having a smothering habit.]

http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modop/00000285.html

4.12

No evidence

5.01

It’s an annual or perennial vine. (Sapindaceae)

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

5.02

5.03

5.04

perennating rootstock remains underground and becomes active producing vegetative growth

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

herbaceous vine reproducing sexually by seed

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

6.03

No information.

6.04

'Geitonogamy and xenogamy operate, the former with 100% success and the latter with 66%.' 'The occurrence of two sexual phases on this functionally monoecious plant might be a strategy for geitonogamous reproduction. Experimental manipulation of selfing through geitonogamy has resulted in 100% fruit, showing that the taxon has adapted to selfing through geitonogamy.'

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

6.05

Bees, wasps, flies and butterflies are involved in the pollination of C. halicacabum.

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

6.06

'herbaceous vine reproducing sexually by seed and asexually by vegetative growth.' ' (not known if can reproduce by fragments in nature)

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

6.07

Produce inflorescence during the first year of vegetative growth.

Das, R. K. et al. 1997. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 94(2): 333- 341.

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

A highly ornamental annual vine grown for its puffed seeds pods which look like little green paper balloons.

http://www.dulley.com/plant/a019.shtml

7.03

'Balloonvine is a major problem to certified soybean seed producers. Because of seed size and shape similarities balloon vine seed are difficult to separate mechanically from soybean seed and hand separation is often necessary.'

Johnston, S.K. Murray, D.S. and Williams, J.C. 1979. Germination and emergernce of balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum) Weed Science. 27(1): 73 - 76.

7.04

Probably not since the seeds do not show an adaptation for wind dispersal.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.05

Probably not since the plant does not usually inhabit areas near rivers or ocean.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.06

Seeds are arils

7.07

Probably not since the seeds do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

No information regarding gut survival

8.01

Seeds black globose3.5 - 5 mm in diameter with heart shaped aril conspicuous. Capsules globose to obvoid, 2 -3.5 cm long and hirsute. (2)Each pod contains three seeds

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.ces.uga.edu/Agriculture/horticulture/vines.htm

8.02

Scarification with conc. H2SO4 for 3h reduced seed coat thickness by 25% and resulted in increased water absorption and maximum germination.

Johnston, S. K.; Murray, D. S.; Williams, J. C.1979. Germination and emergence of balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum). Weed Science 27:.73-76

8.03

(1) 'Among the compounds evaluated for post-em. control of balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum) in soybeans, a number of directed or overall treatments gave >70% control when the weed was 6 cm high, but only directed applications of paraquat and 2,4-DB provided acceptable control when the weed was 19 cm high. Sixteen C. halicacabum plants/10 row-m reduced soybean yields and increased their seed production by twice as much in 91-cm spaced rows as with 61-cm row spacing. ' (2)Balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum), a summer annual,... Effective herbicides are listed.'

(1)Street, J. E.; Murray, D. S.; Johnston, S. K.; Crowley, R. H. 1978. Balloonvine growth and control with post-emergence applied herbicides. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society. p.56 (2) Johnston, S. K.; Jolley, E. R.; Murray, D. S. 1977. Weed watch - balloonvine. Weeds Today. Vol.9, No.1, p.10

8.04

No information.

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page updated 26 February 2005