Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Carallia brachiata


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 3


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Family - Rhizophoraceae. Common Names(s) - Corkwood, Corky Bark. Synonym(s) - Carallia integerrima DC.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Distribution : Madagascar, India, Burma, China (South), Malesia, Australia (North), Solomons, Thailand, Indochina, Laos (Khammouan). (2)Evergreen forests, thickets, swamps; near sea level to 900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, S Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [S Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; N Australia, Madagascar, E Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific islands].

(1)http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/c/carbr/carbr_en.html [Accessed 01 Oct 2008] (2)Carallia brachiata in Flora of China @ efloras.org.

2.02

2.03

Native range tropical (1)The climate is moist and tropical except in the southwestern and central southern areas. The southwestern monsoon, which is hot and humid and brings most of the rain, occurs from December to May. High mountains and the insular nature of part of the country have a strong effect on the local climate. The central mountain chain is a rain shelter for the southwestern part during the northwest monsoon and so this part is much drier and covered with savannas. There is considerable variation in annual rainfall, ranging from 980 mm at Port Moresby to more than 5 000 mm in places in the central mountains, where rainfall occurs all year. Temperatures average about 30° C along the coast in the north and show a marked seasonal tendency southward. In the highlands, temperatures range between 9° and 32° C (with frost at higher elevations) and between 23° and 32° C at Port Moresby. [climate within C. brachiata's native range of Papua New Guinea] (2)Ecology In Madagascar Carallia brachiata occurs in humid evergreen forest from sea-level to 1500 m altitude. In Australia it grows well in open and wet localities, but it can also stand quite dry conditions. In China Carallia brachiata was found to be quite resistant to heavily polluted environments. [Elevation range >1000 m]

(1)http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad672e/ad672e14.htm [Accessed 01 Oct 2008] (2)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct 2008]

2.04

(1)Distribution : Madagascar, India, Burma, China (South), Malesia, Australia (North), Solomons, Thailand, Indochina, Laos (Khammouan).

(1)http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/c/carbr/carbr_en.html [Accessed 01 Oct 2008]

2.05

(1)Another recent addition, also from the western Pacific region, is Carallia brachiata ‘Honiara’. Introduced to Singapore from the Solomon Islands in 1986, it is a weeping form of a widespread forest tree Carallia brachiata. Not quite as narrow or regular as the other three, it has a certain grace to its weeping branches and provides a much-needed softening touch when planted next to high-rise buildings. (2)Locations: Foster Botanical Garden (Confirmed) Harold L. Lyon Arboretum

(1)http://www.gardentech.com.sg/dnn453/Articles/ArticleArchive/FourPillarsForTropicalLandscapes/tabid/121/Default.aspx [Accessed 02 Oct 2008] (2)Clyde T. Imada, George W. Staples, and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai‘i. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/?pg=intro

3.01

(1)Note: Although not noted in the Flora of the Mascarenes, the species does occur in la Reunion, possibly naturalized.

(1)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=200014682 [Accessed 02 Oct 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence [No Carallia spp. Listed as weeds]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm

3.03

(1)No evidence [No Carallia spp. Listed as weeds]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm

3.04

(1)No evidence [No Carallia spp. Listed as weeds]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm

3.05

(1)No evidence [No Carallia spp. Listed as weeds]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.04

(1)Another species highly favored by tree-kangaroos living here is Carallia brachiata, a small tree known either as Freshwater Mangrove or Corky Bark…Its trunk is a very good indicator of the presence of tree-kangaroos, as is its canopy, which is usually heavily defoliated.

(1)Martin, R.W., R. Martin and S. Simpson. 2005. Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

4.05

(1)No evidence (2)Another species highly favored by tree-kangaroos living here is Carallia brachiata, a small tree known either as Freshwater Mangrove or Corky Bark…Its trunk is a very good indicator of the presence of tree-kangaroos, as is its canopy, which is usually heavily defoliated.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Martin, R.W., R. Martin and S. Simpson. 2005. Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Australia.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.08

No evidence (1)Woodland that is subject to periodic flooding occurs on poorly drained flats mainly in south-west Papua New Guinea, and throughout the country forms narrow bands around permanent swamp, lakes and lagoons that have a fluctuating water-table. Frequent trees in such woodland are Carallia brachiata, Nauclea coadunata and, in south-west Papua New Guinea, species of Melaleuca, Acacia and Tristania.

(1)http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad908e/AD908E22.htm [Acc

4.09

(1)Young plants are sensitive to drought and tolerate shade; planting in open sites is difficult.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

4.10

(1)Sand, peat, loam. Margins of streams & swamps.

(1)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/5293 [Accessed 01 Oct 2008]

4.11

(1)A spreading tree to 8 m tall with corky bark.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.12

No evidence from native range (1)tree density (trees per ha)…1.90 [Appenix I] (2)Two species are associated with Lowland mafic forests (Carallia brachiata and Gluta renghas) and could potentially be endangered on the island. [Sulawesi] (3)Production and international trade: The trees usually are too scattered and too small to be of great importance for timber. Small amounts of timber are exported from Borneo and Papua New Guinea.

(1)Datta, A. and Rawatt, G. S. 2008. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India Tropical Conservation Science Vol.1 (3):163-185. (2)Cannon, C.H. 2005. The Vegetation of Sulawesi II. Fine filter analysis. The Nature Conservancy and Texas Tech University. http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/cannon/TNCSulawesi/The_Vegetation_of_Sulawes_finescale.pdf (3)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct 2008]

5.01

(1)A member of the mangrove family that is often found remote from water.

(1)Wrigley, J.W. and M. Fagg. 1996. Australian Native Plants: Propagation, Cultivation and Use in Landscaping (4th Edition). Reed Books. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

5.02

Rhizophoraceae

 

5.03

Rhizophoraceae

 

5.04

(1)A spreading tree to 8 m tall with corky bark.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.02

(1)Propagation: From fresh seed. (2)Carallia brachiata has stately weeping branches with small fruits and flowers and easily self-seeds in the garden and will adapt to different climates.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1108212.htm [Accessed 01 Oct 2008]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown (1)flowers bisexual, stalked, flowers with many planes of symmetry, 4.0-6.0 mm long, diameter small (up to10 mm diam.) (c. 5 mm diam.) (2)Reproductive type, pollination. Fertile flowers hermaphrodite. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite. Plants not viviparous.

(1)http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Carallia_brachiata_Lour_Merr.html [Accessed 01 Oct 2008] (2)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21805 [Accessed 02 Oct 2008]

6.05

(1)Main pollinators: "diverse insects" Chrysomelidae, Cantharidae, several families of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera.

(1)Roubik, D.W., S. Sakai, and A. A. Hamid Karim. 2005. Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest: Sarawak Studies. Springer. New York, NY.

6.06

(1)Trees coppice well and reproduce freely from root suckers.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

6.07

(1)Initial growth is slow and seedlings attain only up to 35 cm in height after 2 years and 2.5 m after 5 years.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

7.01

(1)No evidence and no means of external attachment

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

7.02

(1)Plants are ornamental with their corky bark and spreading branches. They are excellent for coastal planting.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.03

No evidence and no means of external attachment (1)seeds 10-20, to about 5 mm long (1-1.5 mm long), not winged, narrow (longer than wide), seed less than 1 mm diam. (c. 0.5 mm diam.).

(1)http://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Carallia_brachiata_Lour_Merr.html [Accessed 01 Oct 2008]

7.04

(1)small, globular red fruit about 0.6 cm across.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.05

No direct evidence that seeds are water-dispersed. Although a member of the mangrove family and often found near waterways, C. brachiata has bird-dispersed fruits that are evolutionary precursors to viviparous fruits [Ref 4] (1)Habitat and ecology : Fairly common in evergreen forest, especially along rivers. (2)river bank forest, under 300 m. (3)Both the non-mangrove genera Carallia and Cassipourea occur wild in the inland forest, share common morphological features and came under one sub-cluster.

(1)http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/c/carbr/carbr_en.html [Accessed 01 Oct 2008] (2)Shaw, H.K.A. 1950. Additions to the Flora of Borneo and Other Malay Islands: XXII. The Rhizophoraceae, Barringtoniaceae and Cucurbitaceae of the Oxford University Expedition to Sarawak, 1932. Kew Bulletin 5(1): pp. 137-138. (3)Arup Kumar Mukherjeea, Laxmikanta Acharyab, Pratap Chandra Pandab, Trilochan Mohapatrac, and Premananda Dasa. 2004. Genomic Relations among Two Non-mangrove and Nine Mangrove Species of Indian Rhizophoraceae. Z. Naturforsch. 59c: 572-578. (4)Schwarzbach, A.E. and R. E. Ricklefs. 2000. Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. American Journal of Botany 87(4): 547–564. (5)Venkatesh, C. 1976. Our Tree

7.06

(1)small, globular red fruit about 0.6 cm across. (2)Flowers insignificant but the small red fruits are edible. (3)Dispersal mode: Bird, Known consumers/dispersers: Bird [Appendix I] (4)Palatable orange fruit of a tree sometimes called corky bark (below) will be ripening in October, to the satisfaction of many frugivorous birds. This tree (Carallia brachiata) is a member of the Rhizophoraceae family of mangroves but one which adapted to rainforest habitats and even makes a good street or garden specimen.

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Wrigley, J.W. and M. Fagg. 1996. Australian Native Plants: Propagation, Cultivation and Use in Landscaping (4th Edition). Reed Books. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (3)Datta, A. and Rawatt, G. S. 2008. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India Tropical Conservation Science Vol.1 (3):163-185. (4)http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820ay.pdf [Accessed 01 Oct 2008]

7.07

(1)No evidence and no means of external attachment

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

7.08

(1)small, globular red fruit about 0.6 cm across. (2)Fruit consumed by Malabar Giant Squirrels as part of diet in India [Table 3]

(1)Jones, D.L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Borges, R.M. 1993. Malabar Giant Squirrels, and Fruit Shortages Within Two Tropical Indian Forests. Biotropica 25(2): 183-190.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1)In another set of species (Table 1), the embryo sustains metabolic activity throughout ontogeny but bursts the seed tissues shortly after dispersal. In natural populations, these seeds may germinate readily within the fruit or soon after dehiscence, and they do not persist in the soil seed bank. These types of embryos rapidly lose viability if they are dried or chilled; hence they are termed "recalcitrant" to storage. [Table 1 lists C. brachiata as recalcitrant]

(1)Farnsworth, E. 2000. The Ecology and Physiology of Viviparous and Recalcitrant Seeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3: 107-138.

8.03

Unknown [No information on control]

 

8.04

(1)Trees coppice well and reproduce freely from root suckers.

(1)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Carallia%20brachiata_En.htm [Accessed 02 Oct2008]

8.05

Unknown


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