Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Calopogonium mucunoides (Calapo )

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Listed as common or weedy in (1)Micronesia, (2)Chuuk (3)Rota (4)American Samoa (5)Niue (6)Cultivated and naturalized in Asia and Africa.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/mappendix2.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/cappendix2.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier3/rappendix2.htm (4)http://www.hear.org/pier3/asappendix2.htm (5)http://www.hear.org/pier3/nappendix2.htm (6)Adams, C.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972. University of West Indies. Jamiaca.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

Native to tropical America and has been introduces to several tropical and subtropical countries.

2.02

2.03

1,250 mm of rain.

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

2.04

Native of tropical America, cultivated and naturalized in Asia and Africa.

Adams, C.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972. University of West Indies. Jamiaca.

2.05

Listed as common or weedy in (1)Micronesia, (2)Chuuk (3)Rota (4)American Samoa (5)Niue (6)Cultivated and naturalized in Asia and Africa.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/mappendix2.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/cappendix2.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier3/rappendix2.htm (4)http://www.hear.org/pier3/asappendix2.htm (5)http://www.hear.org/pier3/nappendix2.htm

3.01

Listed as common or weedy in (1)Micronesia, (2)Chuuk (3)Rota (4)American Samoa (5)Niue (6)Cultivated and naturalized in Asia and Africa.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/mappendix2.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier3/cappendix2.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier3/rappendix2.htm (4)http://www.hear.org/pier3/asappendix2.htm (5)http://www.hear.org/pier3/nappendix2.htm (6)Adams, C.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972. University of West Indies. Jamiaca.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

Listed as a 'weed of unknown importance' in India, Nigeria, New Guinea and west Polynesia.

Holm, L, Pancho, J.V.,Herberger,J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A geogrpahical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley and sons. New York.

3.04

Control efforts in native vegetation in Northern Australia (Kakadu)

http://savanna.ntu.edu.au/information/r2/t2/r2_t2_2.html

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence that the species has spines, thorns or burrs.

Adams, C.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972. University of West Indies. Jamiaca.

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy.

4.03

No evidence that the species is parasitic.

4.04

(1)No evidence of unpalatibility. (2)Poor palatability

(1)Euclides, V. P. B.; Macedo, M. C. M.; Oliveira, M. P. 1998. Cattle rearing on mixed pastures of Brachiaria spp. and Calopogonium mucunoides in the Cerrados region. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Vol.27, No.2, pp.238-245. (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

4.05

Low intake of calopo was not due to its toxicity as supplementation with 500 g daily of ground calopo via the ruminal fistula did not depress voluntary intake of lucerne hay more than when an equivalent amount of siratro was given.

McSweeney, C. S.; Wesley-Smith, R. N. 1986. Factors limiting the intake by sheep of the tropical legume, Calopogonium mucunoides. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1986, Vol.26, No.6, pp.659-664.

4.06

(1)Calopogonium mucunoides has been cited as a natural host of Centrosema mosaic potexvirus, passionfruit woodiness potyvirus in Australia, cowpea severe mosaic comovirus in Brazil and Clitoria yellow vein mosaic in Malaysia. (2)This site lists 31 species of fungi on C. mucunoides.

(1)Morales, F.J., Castano, M., Arryave, J. A., and Ospina, M. D. 1995. Plant disease. A Sobemovirus hindering the utilization of Calopogonium mucunoides as a forage legume in lowland tropics. VOl 79(12): 1220-1224. (2)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

No information on fire ecology.

4.09

It is moderately shade-tolerant, and has been used mostly as a ground cover under plantation crops overseas.

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

4.1

WELL ADAPTED TO POOR AND SANDY SOIL 2)It is adapted to a wide range of soil types

http://www.agrocosta.com.br/english/variedades/con_pass1.htm 2)http://www.nt.gov.au/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/516.htm

4.11

Calopo is a short-lived, vigorous trailing perennial which will climb over any vegetation to form a dense mat of foliage

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

4.12

no evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

Not woody. It is a nitrogen fixing leguminous vine. 'Based on the values of the relative abundance of ureides (RAU), the highland species ... Calopogonium mucunoides, … were categorized as good N-2-fixers.'

zaguirre-Mayoral-Maria-Luisa {a}; Vivas-Ana-Isabel. 1996. Symbiotic N-2-fixation in tropical legume species growing at high geographic elevation.Symbiosis 21 (1) 49-60.

5.04

short-lived legume vine

6.01

No evidence regarding reproductive failure.

6.02

Grown from seeds.

Souza Filho, A. P. da S.; Dutra, S. 1998. Germination of seeds of Calopogonium mucunoides. Pasturas Tropicales, Vol.20, No.3, pp.26-30.

6.03

No information.

6.04

No information.

6.05

No information. Probably not. Flower morphology is typical of a pappilinoideae.

6.06

(1)Propagation by seed. (2)It seeds freely and regenerates naturally from seed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/camuc.htm (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

6.07

Calopo is a short-lived, vigorous trailing perennial …

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4472.html

7.01

Seeds are relatively large - about 0.5 cm X 0.5 cm and hence less likely to be introduced accidentally

7.02

Dispersed intentionally for pastures and plantation ground cover

7.03

Seeds are relatively large - about 0.5 cm X 0.5 cm and hence less likely to be introduced as a produce contaminant.

7.04

Probably gravity not wind no seeds are large

7.05

7.06

7.07

Probably not - since the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

7.08

No information.

8.01

Pods 2-4 cm long and 4-5mm broad, 5-8 seeded. [Each seed occupies about 0.5 cm sq. area]

Adams, C.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972. University of West Indies. Jamiaca.

8.02

Seeds of Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium ovalifolium, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Stylosanthes gracilis stored in paper envelopes for 16 years

http://checkers.nssl.colostate.edu/lit/84-14.HTM

8.03

No information regarding the chemical control of this species.

8.04

No information.

8.05

Don’t know.