Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Callistemon viminalis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Callistemon viminalis; weeping bottlebrush

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/interchange/I_status_2_t.html (2)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:grppefm95poJ:
www.nps.gov/ever/eco/plant_lst.pdf+Callistemon+viminalis+naturalized&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

on a list of "accepted name for taxon naturalized in CA (tentative), naturalized in CA, not listed in The Jepson Manual, according to Simpson & Rebman, 1996 " Simpson, M. G., and J. P. Rebman, 1996. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County. 3rd edition. SDSU Herbarium Press, San Diego, CA; added manually by Rosatti (2)Listed under plants that are exotic and naturalized in Everglades National Park. [not listed in Wunderlin (1998)]

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
[Australia] New South Wales, Queensland

2.02

2.03

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2) http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html (3)http://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/Invasiveplants/Species/Callistemon-viminalis.pdf (4)http://environment.prsc.qld.gov.au/yellow.asp

(1) Hardiness Range 9B to 11; (2) Callistemon viminalis occurs naturally on the east coast of Australia from Cape York to north-east New South Wales (3)They often grow in damp or wet conditions such as long creek beds or in areas which are prone to floods. Moist soil in open woodland sites (4)"gallery forest"

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
[Australia] New South Wales, Queensland

2.05

(1) Suleiman, M. K.; Bhat, N. R. (2003) Performance of ornamental plants in bioremediated soil. Arid Land Research and Management, 2003, Vol.17, No.2, pp.169-176, 19 ref. (2) Kamla Uniyal (2001) Incidence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecologically restored mined area of Doon Valley. Indian Forester, 2001, Vol.127, No.6, pp.690-694, 15 ref. (3) Rayachhetry, M. B.; Van, T. K.; Center, T. D.; Elliott, M. L. (2001) Host range of Puccinia psidii , a potential biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida. Biological Control, 2001, Vol.22, No.1, pp.38-45, 27 ref.  

(1) Kuwait, (2) India, (3) Florida, USA

3.01

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/interchange/I_status_2_t.html (2)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:grppefm95poJ:
www.nps.gov/ever/eco/plant_lst.pdf+Callistemon+viminalis+naturalized&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

on a list of "accepted name for taxon naturalized in CA (tentative), naturalized in CA, not listed in The Jepson Manual, according to Simpson & Rebman, 1996 " Simpson, M. G., and J. P. Rebman, 1996. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County. 3rd edition. SDSU Herbarium Press, San Diego, CA; added manually by Rosatti (2)Listed under plants that are exotic and naturalized in Everglades National Park. [not listed in Wunderlin (1998)]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=apcc_nontoxicplants

Listed under plants that are non-toxic/safe for pet animals.'

4.06

Rayachhetry, M. B.; Van, T. K.; Center, T. D.; Elliott, M. L. (2001) Host range of Puccinia psidii , a potential biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida. Biological Control, 2001, Vol.22, No.1, pp.38-45, 27 ref.

AB: A study was conducted to describe the symptoms of Puccinia psidii infection in the invasive tree species, Melaleuca quinquenervia , and to determine the host range of this rust pathogen within several myrtaceous species that occur in southern Florida, USA. Both isolates infected Callistemon viminalis, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Melaleuca decora, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Myrcianthes fragrans, Myrciaria cauliflora, Pimenta dioica and Psidium guajava . [wide range within Myrtaceae]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

(1)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/c-vim.html (2)http://www.ucfpl.ucop.edu/I-Zone/XIV/vegetati.htm

(1)"In the wild, C.viminalis is found along watercourses and it performs best in cultivation if a reliable water supply is available" [probably not, native habitats are wet] (2)Plants with a favorable fire performance rating in 3 or more references.

4.09

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/calvimb.pdf
(3) http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html (4)http://www.fuf.net/newsite/archive/pages/V21h22.html (5)http://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/Invasiveplants/Species/Callistemon-viminalis.pdf (6)http://www.nativenursery.com.au/callist.html

(1) Weeping Bottlebrush grows best in full sun; (2) Light requirement: tree grows in full sun; (3) C. viminalis will grow in heavy waterlogged soils. in shady wet situations or even and climates where there is sufficient supplementary watering. (4)TOLERANCES: Drought (once established); any soil; sun or shade.(5)Full sun (6)Semi Shade

4.1

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/calvimb.pdf

(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt, drought tolerant (2) Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; slightly alkaline, acidic; well-drained

4.11

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html

no evidence 'The flowers are borne in spikes 40-150 mm long with prominent red stamens 15-25 mm long. … Peak flowering time is late spring and it is common for the species to flower in spring and autumn or bear small numbers of flowers all year. Fruits are 5-6 mm in diameter and the seed is held for a few seasons.'

6.02

http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html

"Callistemon can be propagated easily from seed which falls readily from mature fruit capsules when dry. "

6.03

http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL21/mar01-2.html

"Because individual species of Callistemon come in a number of forms and hybridise so readily, you can't be sure seed grown callistemons will be the same as the parent plant. So if you want to reproduce an exact replica of a particular Callistemon, it is essential you grow your new Callistemon from cutting material and not from seed. Unless the seed you plant is pure species seed, not contaminated by the pollen of other forms of Callistemon, the chances of producing plants quite different from the parent are the norm rather than the exception; which makes the practice of growing callistemons from seed all the more fascinating. It never ceases to amaze me the variety of seedlings that can be produced from a small amount of fertile seed; all sorts of shapes, sizes and forms. It's a bit like a lucky envelope draw at the local show ; you just never know what you will get!."

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Nicolson, S. W. (1993) Low nectar concentrations in a dry atmosphere: a study of Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) and Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae). South African Journal of Science, 1993, Vol.89, No.10, pp.473-477, 20 ref.

AB: Factors affecting nectar concentration have been studied for the inflorescences of these 2 bird pollinated Australian plants growing in Cape Town, South Africa. Both species produced large volumes of nectar which remained dilute (10-25%) throughout the day and in varying ambient humidities, in spite of being exposed to the atmosphere. Nectar volumes in G. robusta remained constant (mean of 16 micro l per flower) throughout the day; this species was not attractive to honey bees. In contrast, honey bees foraged on C. viminalis nectar during the mornings; this nectar was not replaced but the concentration of the remaining nectar was so low that secretion of dilute nectar was probably balancing evaporation. nectars.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s154635.htm

They flower most profusely after two years' growth. [from cuttings, so at least 1 extra year required from seed plus additional time for capsules to mature]

7.01

http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html

"as a specimen or street tree, where it exhibits smog tolerance" [but capsules are persistent so not likely to be dispersed]

7.02

http://www.anbg.gov.au/callistemon/

"This large bottlebrush is widely cultivated"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

http://www.anbg.gov.au/callistemon/ (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html

"Each flower produces a small woody fruit containing hundreds of tiny seeds. " tiny seeds (2) 'Callistemon can be propagated easily from seed which falls readily from mature fruit capsules when dry.' [can blow in wind but not specific adaptations for lofting - borderline wind/gravity dispersed

7.05

http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/c-vim.html

"In the wild, C.viminalis is found along watercourses and it performs best in cultivation if a reliable water supply is available"

7.06

fruit a woody capsule

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence of being ingested

8.01

http://www.anbg.gov.au/callistemon/

"Each flower produces a small woody fruit containing hundreds of tiny seeds. " tiny seeds

8.02

(1)http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp12/callistemon-viminalis.html (2)http://farrer.riv.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/callistn.html

(1)Fruits are 5-6 mm in diameter and the seed is held for a few seasons [above ground reserve of propagules, not a persistent soil seedbank] (2)No special pretreatment is needed. Germination should occur in 14 to 30 days, depending on the species.

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

(1)http://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/Invasiveplants/Species/Callistemon-viminalis.pdf (2)http://www.botanyworld.com/callistemon.html

(1)Fire also stimulates opening of fruits. (2)Prune the main shoot in half and the following side branches to encourage bushy growth.

8.05

no evidence


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