Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Calliandra surinamensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -4


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Calliandra surinamensis (Surinamese stickpea, Suriname powder puff, pink powderpuff, powderpuff bush, pink tassle tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)potential invader in Fiji [No evidence that it is naturalized] (2)Cultivated and sometimes and escape

(1)Meyer, J. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Pp. 85-114 In Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. (2)Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native range: Northern South America (2)List of countries with natural populations
South America:  Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

Introduced to several Pacific Islands and Mauritius and Seychelles.

http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA zone 9 - 11. (2)Drought tolerance: high (3)Most specimens < 1000 m elevation

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST10900.pdf (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

(1)Native range: Northern South America (2)List of countries with natural populations
South America:  Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)Introduced to several Pacific Islands and Mauritius and Seychelles. (2)Florida (3)Australia

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109 (3)http://www.domusnursery.com.au/stock/view_catalogue.asp

3.01

potential invader in Fiji [No evidence that it is naturalized]

Meyer, J. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Pp. 85-114 In Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)potential invader in Fiji [No evidence that it is naturalized] (2)invasive non-native [not on FLEPPC list - http://www.fleppc.org/Plantlist/03list.htm] (3)NOT naturalized in Florida

(1)Meyer, J. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Pp. 85-114 In Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST10900.pdf (3)Wunderlin, R.P. 2000. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida. Gainesville.

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

'Shoots of Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus and Calliandra surinamensis were incubated for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h in nylon bags suspended in the rumen of a steer. Leucaena had much faster rates of loss of DM, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. Leucaena also had a faster sulphur loss than C. calothyrsus, whereas C. surinamensis had high levels of soluble S. Loss of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) after 48 h was greater with Leucaena than C. surinamensis (46.4 vs. 10.3%), whereas with C. calothyrsus there was an increase in NDF and acid detergent fibre. For all species, acid detergent lignin was higher than initial plant values throughout the period of incubation, markedly so for C. calothyrsus. Calliandra spp. had high levels of silica and aluminium in the DM. Results indicate that C. calothyrsus and C. surinamensis may not be a suitable alternative to Leucaena as a ruminant feed.' (2)C calothyrsus mentioned here is a well-known fodder

(1)Losses of dry matter, nitrogen, minerals and fibre fractions from nylon bags containing Leucaena leucocephala and two Calliandra species in the rumen.
AU: Jones, R. J.; LeFeuvre, R. P.; Playne, M. J.
SO: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1992, Vol.37, No.3/4, pp.297-307, 21 ref. (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)While usually pest-free, Powderpuff bush can be occasionally infested by mites, caterpillars, or other chewing insects. (2)The following 6 fungi species were found to be associated with C. surinamensis: Camptomeris calliandrae, Cladosporium sp., Macrovalsaria megalospora, Nectria ochroleuca, Nectria rigidiuscula, Phanerochaete salmonicolor (see#4).  (3) The following fungi species were listed to be associated with Calliandra surinamensis: Camptomeris calliandrae: Costa Rica - 5833, 5833, 8557, 8557
Cladosporium sp.: Costa Rica - 5833, 5833, 8557, 8557
Macrovalsaria megalospora: Sierra Leone - 8272
Nectria ochroleuca: Sierra Leone - 5833, 5833, 8557, 8557
Nectria rigidiuscula: Sierra Leone - 5833, 5833, 8557, 8557
Phanerochaete salmonicolor: New Guinea - 5833; Papua New Guinea - 6277
(4) 'The use of D. ovalifolium may be limited by several diseases and pests. Pink disease (Phanerochaete salmonicolor) is currently restricted to Malaysia where it is serious only on D. ovalifoliu

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109 (2)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (3)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1) 'It has evergreen bipinnate, oblong leaves …' (2)An evergreen shrub. [grows in dry habitats as a multi-branched shrub and shaggy branches - could be fire hazard]

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109

4.09

(1)full sun / light shade (2)Light requirement: full sun, partial sun or partial shade (3)Sun to Partial Shade

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109 (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2588.html

4.1

(1) '...rich well drained soil; acidic to slightly alkaline.' (2)Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; acidic; slightly alkaline; well-drained. (3) Will take about any kind of soils.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109 (3)http://www.csupomona.edu/~froth/hor231/plantlist5.html

4.11

Not a climber.

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/135.shtml

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Fabaceae

5.02

Spreading shrub or small tree about 2 m high (Fabaceae)

http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm

5.03

'AB: In studies in the field or on pot cultures using unsterilised soil, Albizia chinensis, A. julibrissin, A. procera, Samanea saman, Calliandra surinamensis, Acacia auriculiformis, A. catechu, Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Wisteria sinensis, Sophora viciifolia and Dalbergia odorifera formed nodules,

Zhou, X. Q.; Han, S. F. (1984) Studies on symbiotic system of nodule bacteria and tree legumes. I. Nodulation, isolation and reciprocal cross inoculation. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Forestry, 1984, No.2, pp.32-42, 12 ref.

5.04

Fabaceae

6.01

(1)No evidence (2)The profuse, fragrant bloom is the main reason for its popularity, with big puffs, two to three inches across, of watermelon pink and white silky stamens, produced during warm months.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109

6.02

(1)Seeds are marketed. (2) AB: Untreated seeds of the 2 ornamental species (Cassia renigera and Calliandra surinamensis ) have a very low % germination and germination extends over a long period. Seeds collected from a single tree of each species were treated in different ways. For acid scarification, concentrated H2SO4 was used. Pre-chilling treatment was imposed by placing the seeds in a beaker with water and placing the beaker in a refrigerator (5 deg C) for a specified period. The treated seeds were sown in raised beds in Feb.-Mar., during which time the mean day temperature was around 30 deg and mean night temperature was around 18 deg . In C. renigera, acid scarification for 30 minutes + water soaking for 24 h resulted in the highest (72%) as well as the earliest seed germination. Exposing the seeds of C. surinamensis to 5 deg (pre-chilling) for 3 h gave the maximum (86%) and the fastest seed germination.

(1)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html (2) ET:
Presowing treatments to improve Cassia and Calliandra seed germination.
AU: Reddy, T. V.
SO: Acta Horticulturae, 1988, No.226, vol. II, pp.537-540, 4 ref.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

Bee pollinated. Minor source of pollen for honey production.

http://www.idrc.ca/library/document/030819/chap2_e.html

6.06

Propagation: Seed.

http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm

6.07

(1)Growth rate: fast (2)Fast rate of growth [minimum estimate for a fast growing medium sized shrub]

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST10900.pdf (2)http://www.csupomona.edu/~froth/hor231/plantlist5.html

7.01

seeds relatively large. (1)The fruits are oblong from a narrow base, thick-margined, 7-10.5 cm long, and 8-13 mm broad. (2)A flat pod, first green later brown, contains 5 - 6 seeds. No evidence that the furits or seeds have any means of attachment.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html

7.02

Probably yes - 'This plant is cultivated for its ornamental purposes; it can also be used for bonsai.'

http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html

7.03

seeds relatively large. (1)The fruits are oblong from a narrow base, thick-margined, 7-10.5 cm long, and 8-13 mm broad. (2)A flat pod, first green later brown, contains 5 - 6 seeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html

7.04

A flat pod, first green later brown, contains 5 - 6 seeds; it curls open to release the brown seeds. [ the above suggests dispersal by gravity]. No evidence that the seeds have adaptation for wind dispersal.

http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html

7.05

No evidence of dispersal by water. No evidence that the species inhabits waterways.

7.06

Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; not showy; …'

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109

7.07

Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; not showy; …' Alos no evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST109

7.08

No evidence of ingestion by animals although some Fabaceae pods are eaten by cattle and hard seed coat could allow survival

8.01

(1)The fruits are oblong from a narrow base, thick-margined, 7-10.5 cm long, and 8-13 mm broad. (2)A flat pod, first green later brown, contains 5 - 6 seeds [few seeds per pod, pods are relatively sparse based on photo - http://www.loveriver.info/images/pics/063_2.jpg]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/casur.htm (2)http://www.tropilab.com/calliandra-sur.html

8.02

(1)it is a large seeded legume.
(2) Untreated seeds of the 2 ornamental species (Cassia renigera and Calliandra surinamensis) have a very low % germination and germination extends over a long period. Exposing the seeds of C. surinamensis to 5 deg (pre-chilling) for 3 h gave the maximum (86%) and the fastest seed germination. [evidence of dormancy]

(2) Reddy, T. V. (1988) Presowing treatments to improve Cassia and Calliandra seed germination. Acta Horticulturae, 1988, No. 226, II, pp. 537-540, 4 ref.

 

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Although plants are damaged by freezing temperatures, they grow back from the base in the spring

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST10900.pdf

8.05

Don’t know.


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