Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 6
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Mascagnia macroptera (yellow butterfly vine, yellow orchid vine) -Malphigiaceae Synonym - Callaeum macropterum | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | n | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | 0 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | y | 1 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | y | 1 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | y | 1 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | ||
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | y | 1 |
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 6 | ||
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | No evidence | |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | (1)Native to Mexico. (2)Range/Origin: Mexico (3)This is an evergreen vine native to central Baja California, central Sonora and south throughout most of Mexico. |
(1)http://www.greenbeam.com/features/plant110104.stm
(2)http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Mascagnia_macroptera.html
(3)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/ plantdisplay.asp?cat_id=13&plant_id=2499&page=2 |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1)hardy just to USDA Hardiness Zone 8 (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6° C (20° F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) (3)Hardiness range 9B -11. |
(1)http://www.greenbeam.com/features/plant110104.stm (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1845/index.html (3)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3583.htm |
| 2.04 | (1)Native to Mexico. (2)Range/Origin: Mexico (3)This is an evergreen vine native to central Baja California, central Sonora and south throughout most of Mexico. |
(1)http://www.greenbeam.com/features/plant110104.stm
(2)http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Mascagnia_macroptera.html
(3)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/ plantdisplay.asp?cat_id=13&plant_id=2499&page=2 |
| 2.05 | Available for sale in the U.S. throught the plant nursery 'Almost Eden' (in LA). | http://www.greenbeam.com/features/plant110104.stm |
| 3.01 | No evidence | |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | (1)M. pubiflora is listed as a weed. (2)M. pubiflora is on the list of plants to be prohibited for import into Western Australia. | (1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/html/autogend/species/12209.HTM (2)http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/global/australia/ger.html |
| 4.01 | No evidence of these structures. | (1)http://www.greenbeam.com/features/plant110104.stm (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1845/index.html |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | (1)Poisonous to vertebrates. (2)A disease occurs in cattle in the coastal areas of the State of Santa Catarina characterized by sudden death. The disease was reproduced in cattle by oral administration of Mascagnia sp. Single doses of 5 g/kg of fresh leaves caused non-lethal poisoning; single doses of 7.5 g/kg caused lethal poisoning in one of two cattle and doses of 10 g/kg death in two others. In the experiments clinical signs appeared when the animals were exercised. They consisted of weakness, swollen jugular vein, slight muscular tremors and sometimes sudden contractions; tachycardia, already observed before the exercise, became more intense. At the end the animals suddenly laid down or fell on their side. The course of poisoning in those two animals which were followed up till death, was 40 and 75 minutes. The highest doses given (15 and 20 g/kg) caused a protracted course; the animals got slow and apathetic, avoiding any movements. They were found dead 7h 45 min and 21 h after the first clinical signs. These two last experiments show the importance of exercise regarding the onset of symptoms and the occurrence of "sudden death". The main post-mortem findings were intense red discoloration of the mucosa of the small intestine and oedema of the gall bladder wall. The main histological alteration was hydropic vacuolar degeneration of the tubular epithelium of the kidney in 3 of the 5 cattle which died. (3)Congeners M. pubiflora nad M. coccinia are toxic to cattle. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Sudden death in cattle by Mascagnia sp. (Malpighiaceae) in |