Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Buddleja madagascariensis; smokebush

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416

"Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions; in Hawaii cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in mesic areas, 900-1200m, at least near Volcano transfer dump, Hawaii."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416

"Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions; in Hawaii cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in mesic areas, 900-1200m, at least near Volcano transfer dump, Hawaii."

2.02

2.03

http://www.rhs.org.uk/research/agm02full.pdf

"Native to Madagascar, widely minimum temp 2 C.

2.04

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416

"Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions; in Hawaii cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in mesic areas, 900-1200m, at least near Volcano transfer dump, Hawaii."

2.05

(1) Goh, T. K.; Hsieh, W. H. (1987) Studies on Cercospora and allied genera of Taiwan (IV): New combinations of Cercospora species. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Republic of China, 1987, Vol.2, No.2, pp.113-123, 8 ref.
(2) Gupta, A. P.; Handa, S. S.; Kapoor, V. K. (1982) Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations on Buddleia asiatica and B. madagascariensis. Journal of Tree Sciences, 1982, Vol.1, No.1/2, pp.77-80, 9 ref.
(3) USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

(1) Taiwan, (2) India, (3) Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Florida

3.01

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416 (2)http://131.247.163.200/website/plantatlas/maps.asp?plantID=247 (3)Stock, D. H.; Wild, C. H. (2002) Natural propagation of orange buddleia (Buddleja madagascariensis Lamarck) in eastern Australia. (ED: Jacob, H. S.; Dodd, J.; Moore, J. H.) School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland 9726, Australia. Newsletter of Plant Protection Society of Western Australia Inc, Victoria Park, Australia. pp.120-123, 14 ref.

(1)"Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions; in Hawaii cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in mesic areas, 900-1200m, at least near Volcano transfer dump, Hawaii." (2)Possibly naturalized in Florida (3)Australia

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)Stock, D. H.; Wild, C. H. (2002) Natural propagation of orange buddleia (Buddleja madagascariensis Lamarck) in eastern Australia. (ED: Jacob, H. S.; Dodd, J.; Moore, J. H.) School of Environmental and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland 9726, Australia. Newsletter of Plant Protection Society of Western Australia Inc, Victoria Park, Australia. pp.120-123, 14 ref. (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/pohreports/buddleia_madagascariensis.pdf (3)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/buddleja_madagascariensis.htm

(1) The exotic ornamental scrambling bramble orange buddleia, B. madagascariensis , forms dense impenetrable thickets in various forest types in eastern Australia. The plant is widespread throughout the world and weedy in many locations. In Australia, it is found growing in patches in the national parks of the Border Ranges between Queensland and New South Wales where it is of great concern for the damage it might do to the rain forest where it grows. B. madagascariensis is sterile in Australia and no seeds have been seen on the plant despite extensive searches of plants in eastern Australia nor reported in the literature. It is therefore curious that the plant is able to establish and grow in the midst of national parks apparently distant from any source of infestation. This study investigates the hypothesis that B. madagascariensis can be spread by stem sections that may be carried by birds, water, or perhaps people, and that simply casting them upon the ground is sufficient to allow them to root and grow.

3.05

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

B. asiatica was listed as a common weed in USA.

4.01

no description of these traits.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1)http://www.hortnet.co.nz/key/stone/info/hostplnt/mbc-host.htm (2)Goh, T. K.; Hsieh, W. H. (1987) Studies on Cercospora and allied genera of Taiwan (IV): New combinations of Cercospora species. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Republic of China, 1987, Vol.2, No.2, pp.113-123, 8 ref.

(1)Citrophilus mealybug (2)Seven C. spp. are reclassified as Pseudocercospora spp.: P. bischofiae on Bischofia javanica, P. buddleiae on Buddleia madagascariensis, P. dichrocephalae on Dichrocephala bicolor, P. fukuii on Boehmeria cylindrica, P. lindericola on Lindera megaphylla, P. melastomobia on Melastoma candidum and P. sawadae on Psidium guajava . Descriptions and illustrations of the fungi are given.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

http://www.botanicalsociety.org.za/branches/PlantList.pdf

all other cultivated species in this genus require full sun (but no specific information was available for madagascariensis)

4.1

http://www.roselandhouse.co.uk/buddlejamadagascariensis.htm

tolerates poor soils

4.11

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416

"Sprawling shrubs"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terestrial

5.02

shrub; Buddlejaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

Propagation: Bird-dispersed fruits.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

butterfly, based on morphology and congeners - commonly called butterfly bush.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.416

"Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions; in Hawaii cultivated and recently becoming naturalized in esic areas, 900-1200m, at least near Volcano transfer dump, Hawaii."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/bumad.htm>

Bird-dispersed fruits

7.07

no evidence

7.08

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/bumad.htm>

Fruit white, becoming bluish purple at maturity, fleshy, globose, indehiscent, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter [bird dispersed]

8.01

unlikely [small berries with few seeds]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

Control: "Katie Cassel of the Kokee Natural History Museum (Kokee Museum) reported good control of stems <3 inches diameter with triclopyr ester at 20% in crop oil applied to basal bark and to larger stems that were frilled." (Motooka et al., 2002)

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence