Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Buddleja davidii; orange eye butterflybush

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

13

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8081 (13 December 2002)

Native:
Asia-Temperate: China - Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang
Other:  naturalized in temperate areas

1.03

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8081 (13 December 2002)

subordinate taxa:
Buddleja davidii var. nanhoensis
Buddleja davidii var. superba
Buddleja davidii var. veitchiana
Economic importance:
Environmental: ornamental (fide Dict Gard)
Weed (fide Rep NCEPPC, in North America; F NZeal, in New Zealand)

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8081 (13 December 2002)

Native:
Asia-Temperate: China - Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang
Other:  naturalized in temperate areas

2.02

2.03

http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/budd_dav.cfm

USDA Zones 5-10

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8081 (13 December 2002)

Native:
Asia-Temperate: China - Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang
Other:  naturalized in temperate areas

2.05

(1) Chronopoulos, J.; Chronopoulou-Sereli, A.; Papafotiou, M. (1996) The ability woody ornamental plants to adapt to the urban environment of Athens. [FT: Die Anpassungsfähigkeit von Ziergehölzen im urbanen Bereich Athens. ] Gartenbauwissenschaft, 1996, Vol.61, No.4, pp.197-200, 14 ref.
(2) Clay, D. V.; Drinkall, M. J. (2001) The occurrence, ecology and control of Buddleja davidii in the UK. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, P.O. Box 1033, Nailsea, Bristol BS48 4FH, UK. SO: ? 2001, pp.155-160, 13 ref.
(3) Brockerhoff, E. G.; Withers, T. M.; Kay, M.; Faulds, W. (1999) Impact of the defoliator Cleopus japonicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Buddleja davidii in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Fifty Second New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Auckland Airport Centra, Auckland, New Zealand, 10-12 August, 1999, 1999, editor O'Callaghan, M. , pp.113-118, 15 ref.

(1) Greece, (2) UK, (3) New Zealand

3.01

Clay, D. V.; Drinkall, M. J. (2001) The occurrence, ecology and control of Buddleja davidii in the UK. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, P.O. Box 1033, Nailsea, Bristol BS48 4FH, UK. SO: ? 2001, pp.155-160, 13 ref.

AB: B. davidii (butterfly-bush) was introduced to England from China in the 1890's and spread slowly in southern England as a garden escape. It increased greatly on bomb-damage sites in urban areas after the 1939-1945 war and is now widely distributed throughout the British Isles. As a successful colonist of disturbed and compacted sites it occurs particularly on railway sidings and tracksides, unused industrial areas, hard-rock quarries, beside waterways and on old walls and buildings. Reasons for the success of B. davidii in these situations are reviewed. Because of the attraction of its nectar it is visited by many species of insects, particularly Lepidoptera . As one of the few woody species able to colonize compacted land it may therefore be regarded, ecologically and aesthetically, as an asset. In certain situations, however, it causes problems and requires control. The dense infestations that develop on railway and industrial sites restrict access and visibility; presence on walls can lead to structur

3.02

Clay, D. V.; Drinkall, M. J. (2001) The occurrence, ecology and control of Buddleja davidii in the UK. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, P.O. Box 1033, Nailsea, Bristol BS48 4FH, UK. SO: ? 2001, pp.155-160, 13 ref.

AB: "B. davidii (butterfly-bush) was introduced to England from China in the 1890's and spread slowly in southern England as a garden escape. It increased greatly on bomb-damage sites in urban areas after the 1939-1945 war and is now widely distributed throughout the British Isles. As a successful colonist of disturbed and compacted sites it occurs particularly on railway sidings and tracksides, unused industrial areas, hard-rock quarries, beside waterways and on old walls and buildings."

3.03

Seo ByungSoo; Richardson, B.; Vanner, A.; Coker, G. (1997) Effects of some common weed species on Pinus radiata seedling growth. Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 1997, Vol.86, No.1, pp.1-8, 28 ref.

AB: Second-year results are presented from a trial designed to quantify the reduction in radiata pine (Pinus radiata ) seedling growth caused by competition from a range of important weed species on a moist North Island site in New Zealand. Radiata pine seedlings (1/0) were grown on a weed free control plot or with either herbaceous broadleaves (volunteer species), grass (Holcus lanatus and Lolium multiflorum ), broom (Cytisus scoparius ), pampas (Cortaderia selloana ), buddleia (Buddleja davidii ), or gorse (Ulex europaeus ). Resource (nutrient and water) levels were varied by factorial plus or minus irrigation and fertilizer treatments. Radiata pine seedling volume growth, 21 months after planting, was greatest when it was grown on the weed free control or in association with gorse, and was least when grown with either buddleia or pampas. There was no evidence that the effects of the weeds on seedling growth were mediated by either competition for water or nutrients. Tall, fast-growing species which overto

3.04

(1) Brockerhoff, E. G.; Withers, T. M.; Kay, M.; Faulds, W. (1999) Impact of the defoliator Cleopus japonicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Buddleja davidii in the laboratory. Proceedings of the Fifty Second New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Auckland Airport Centra, Auckland, New Zealand, 10-12 August, 1999, 1999, editor O'Callaghan, M. , pp.113-118, 15 ref. Buddleia - a growing weed problem in protected areas.
(2) Smale, M. C. (1990) Buddleia - a growing weed problem in protected areas. What's New in Forest Research, 1990, No.185, 4 pp.
(3) Smale, M. C. (1990) Ecological role of buddleia (Buddleja davidii ) in streambeds in Te Urewera National Park. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 1990, Vol.14, pp.1-6, 26 ref. (4)http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/pohreports/buddleia_davidii.pdf

(1) AB: C. japonicus has been investigated as a potential biocontrol agent against B. davidii , an invasive weed of exotic and indigenous forests in New Zealand.
(2) AB: Buddleia (Buddleja davidii ) is an introduced shrub that has become a widespread problem weed in stream beds and on landslide scars in the lowland zone of Te Urewera National Park, New Zealand. Brief results are reported of a study of this shrub in 2 sections of the Park, both heavily infested with B. davidii . Growth, stand development, forest floor development, regeneration of indigenous species under B. davidii and the effect of this weed on natural successions were studied. B. davidii rapidly and effectively stabilizes new flood deposits, is eventually replaced by native trees and shrubs, and does not appear to spread into established native forest. However, it is not a native plant and if left uncontrolled could spread into all lowland catchments in the Park.
(3) AB: Regeneration of indigenous species under 2- to 17-year-old B. d

3.05

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

B. asiatica was listed as a common weed in USA.

4.01

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"B. davidii is a multi-stemmed and spineless shrub reaching a height of 2 to 4 m. "

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

www.goodwincreekgardens.com/CatalogSpecific.asp?

deer resistant

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1) Perkins, C. J. (1991) Virus diseases of Buddleia davidii. Plantsman, 1991, Vol.13, No.3, pp.171-178, 21 ref.
(2) Walter, B.; Kuszala, J.; Ravelonandro, M.; Pinck, L. (1985) Alfalfa mosaic virus isolated from Buddleia davidii compared with other strains. Plant Disease, 1985, Vol.69, No.3, pp.266-267, 12 ref.

(1) AB: The literature on the occurrence of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus and alfalfa mosaic virus on this host is reviewed, and details are given of the frequency of infection in the UK and effects on the plant (leaf symptoms, vigour, flowering and rooting). CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) is responsible for most of the virus-like symptoms on the leaves (narrowing, distortion and chlorotic spots and lines) while AMV(alfafa mosaic virus) alone induces only mild chlorosis and cowling. When both viruses are present the symptoms caused by CMV are exacerbated and plant vigour is reduced.
(2) AB: An isolate of the virus (AMV-B) from Buddle[j]a davidii in the S. of France caused symptoms on several hosts different from those described for an isolate from the same host sp. in the German Democratic Republic in 1970. Symptoms, RNA structure and serological properties of AMV-B were analogous to those of str. 425 from red clover. Strs. S and B differed in their relative amounts of RNA 1 and 3.

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"It does not compete well with other trees/shrubs for light."

4.1

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

4.11

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"B. davidii is a multi-stemmed and spineless shrub reaching a height of 2 to 4 m. "

4.12

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"It forms low (1-1.5 m high) thickets." [dense?]

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Buddeljaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"seedlings tend to retain their leaves."

6.03

(1) Rose, J. B.; Kubba, J.; Tobutt, K. R. (2000) Induction of tetraploidy in Buddleia globosa . Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2000, Vol.63, No.2, pp.121-125, 13 ref.
(2) Tobutt, K. R. (1993) Inheritance of white flower colour and congested growth habit in certain Buddleia progenies. Euphytica, 1993, Vol.67, No.3, pp.231-235, 5 ref.

(1) AB: The aim was to produce a tetraploid form of Buddleia globosa [Buddleja globosa ] to facilitate the introgression of yellow flower colour into B. davidii , which is naturally tetraploid. Protocols were established for the micropropagation of B. globosa and tetraploid plants were obtained by application in vitro of colchicine to pre-cultured excised nodal sections. Three concentrations of colchicine were applied (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% w/v) for 1, 2 or 3 days. At 0.01%, tetraploids were produced only after 2 days of application. All other treatments produced at least one tetraploid. The colchicine technique was extremely effective: of 29 lines tested, 19 were tetraploid and 5 were mixoploid. The vegetative characteristics of these tetraploids and the flowering characteristics of the three that flowered are described.
(2) AB: Buddleia [Buddleja ] fallowiana var. alba (FA) was crossed with B. davidii cv. Nanhoensis Alba (NA) and both were crossed with the B. davidii cultivars Pink Delight (PD) and Royal

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)Corbet, S. A. (2000) Butterfly nectaring flowers: butterfly morphology and flower form. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 2000, Vol.96, No.3, pp.289-298, 35 ref. (2)http://ls-designs.hypermart.net/butterflies.htm

(1)The profitability of butterfly [Rhopalocera] foraging depends in part on the corolla depth and clustering of flowers, and the tongue length, body mass and wing loading of butterflies. Interactions among these attributes of flowers and butterflies were investigated, using data from a field study in Cornwall and from Porter et al. (1992). The maximum corolla depth from which a butterfly can feed depends on tongue length, which correlates with the more easily measured attributes of body mass and wing loading. Small, short-tongued butterflies did not visit deep flowers. The quantity of nectar sugar per flower necessary for profitable foraging depends on foraging costs, which are expected to correlate with wing loading. Butterfly species with a high wing loading generally confined their visits to flowers that were clustered or very nectar-rich. Butterfly species with a low wing loading included solitary and less nectar-rich flowers in their diet. Body mass and wing loading affect a butterfly's load-carrying cap

6.06

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"The small (3 mm) and hermaphrodite flowers produce nectar and are frequently visited by butterflies giving rise to it’s common name of 'Butterfly bush'. Bees and other insects also frequent it. "

6.07

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"B. davidii starts flowering and fruiting after 1 year, although some panicles may be present within the first year."

7.01

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"The small and light seeds (50-100 per fruit and 315,000 seeds/kg) are wind-dispersed and occasionally by cars, and are easily carried to great distances. "

7.02

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"It is a commercially valuable plant and is much promoted due to its robustness in the garden and reliable flowering. In Britain it is used in many wildlife-enhancing schemes such as those used in schools and local children’s groups."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"The small and light seeds (50-100 per fruit and 315,000 seeds/kg) are wind-dispersed and occasionally by cars, and are easily carried to great distances. "

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"The small and light seeds (50-100 per fruit and 315,000 seeds/kg) are wind-dispersed and occasionally by cars, and are easily carried to great distances. " [need only 10-20 fruits per square meter, which is easily achieved by a single florescense]

8.02

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"They have deep dormancy and may remain in the soil for many years."

8.03

Clay, D. V.; Drinkall, M. J. (2001) The occurrence, ecology and control of Buddleja davidii in the UK. Avon Vegetation Research Limited, P.O. Box 1033, Nailsea, Bristol BS48 4FH, UK. SO: ? 2001, pp.155-160, 13 ref.
(2) Yamamoto, A.; Nitta, S.; Miyase, T.; Ueno, A.; Wu, L. J. (1993) Phenylethanoid and lignan-iridoid complex glycosides from roots of Buddleja davidii . Phytochemistry, 1993, Vol.32, No.2, pp.421-425, 18 ref.

(1) "Control may be mechanical or chemical. Glyphosate and triclopyr are moderately effective as foliar sprays on established plants; regrowth often requires further treatment after 2 years. Triclopyr ester as a foliar spray or cut-stump treatment is the preferred herbicide for specific control. "
(2) AB: The MeOH extract of the roots of B. davidii (collected from China) gave 13 phenylethanoid glycosides, 1 iridoid glycoside, and 4 lignan-iridoid complex glycosides, which were composed of ajugol and lignan. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from chemical and spectroscopic evidence

8.04

Paterson, J.P.H. 2000 Budlleja davidii. A webpage available at <http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-bud.htm>

"When cut back the shrub sprouts vigorously attaining heights of up to 2m in the season after severe pruning. Does not tolerate burning."

8.05

no evidence