Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bucida molinetii (syn. B. spinosa, Bucida angustifolia, Bucida correlliana, Terminalia molinetii); spiny bucida, spiny black olive, dwarf spiny black olive

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm

Native to Cuba, the Bahamas, and rare in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/bucida.html (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP018

(1)"Temperature: Grows well in zones 10B through 11. Do not expose to freezing weather or better yet, temperatures below 40 degrees."; " (2)Specimens found near sea level (3)Wind and salt tolerant. [coastal tree]

2.04

http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm

Native to Cuba, the Bahamas, and rare in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

2.05

no evidence [perhaps as bonsai but not outdoors]

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm

" spines slender, 3-7 mm long, mostly in 3's at end of twigs. "

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/bucida.html

The lush, dark bluish-green, leathery leaves are two to four inches long [not likely to be a fire hazard]

4.09

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/bucida.html

"Lighting: Full sun - its natural environment is the hottest parts of Florida and the Caribbean."; "When they are 2 inches tall, transplant them from the community pot to individual pots. Cover each pot with a plastic bag for 5 days and put in the shade. Keep in the shade for 3 to 4 weeks" [these artificial conditions are to reduce outplanting shock] [can be grown indoors as bonsai suggesting possible tolerance of low light conditions]

4.1

(1)http://www.bonsaiweb.com/care/faq/bucida.html (2)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0213_full.html

(1)"Use a fast-draining bonsai soil with a high sand and lime content. " (2)The coastal and subcoastal microphyllous evergreen forest, also called "dry mountain" forest in Cuba, characteristically establishes itself over coastal limestone [as a member of this community, it tolerates limestone]

4.11

http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm

"Shrub or flat-topped tree, 4-8 m tal"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Shrub or flat-topped tree; Combretaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Shrub or flat-topped tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/bucida.html

Propagation from seed. The tiny flower progresses to green seeds, then tan and then brown in about 2 months. Gather the seeds as soon as they fall, for they are more vital and willing to germinate in the first ten days after they ripen.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Bucida.htm

very attractive to bees [information comes from congener B. buceras]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)http://www.bonsaiweb.com/care/faq/bucida.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP018

(1)Be patient, for they grow very slowly; if you wish to force them to grow faster and taller than their usual 2 inches a year, bend down the branches lower than the growing tip. (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP018 [minimum for slow growing tree]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

http://www.cajunbonsai.com/blackolivepage.htm

a popular species used in bonsai

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm (2)http://www.bonsaisite.com/survey17.html

(1)Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 3-4 mm long (2)reddish-tan fruit

7.05

http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?ssdp=00955997

found on flooded ground

7.06

(1)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm (2)http://www.bonsaisite.com/survey17.html (3)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/bucbuca.pdf

(1)Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 3-4 mm long (2)reddish-tan fruit (3)Does not attract widlife [Bucida bucera]

7.07

(1)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm (2)http://www.bonsaisite.com/survey17.html

(1)Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 3-4 mm long (2)reddish-tan fruit

7.08

(1)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm (2)http://www.bonsaisite.com/survey17.html

(1)Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 3-4 mm long (2)reddish-tan fruit

8.01

(1)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/99-nov-dec.htm (2)http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/combreta.htm

(2)Fruit a drupe, ovoid, 3-4 mm long (2)Fruit usually 1 seeded (by abortion) [Combretaceae]

8.02

http://www.bonsai-bci.com/species/bucida.html

Propagation from seed. The tiny flower progresses to green seeds, then tan and then brown in about 2 months. Gather the seeds as soon as they fall, for they are more vital and willing to germinate in the first ten days after they ripen.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence [slow growing, probably not]

8.05

no evidence