Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Broussonetia papyrifera


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen) (this species is not listed on PIER as it is native or an early introduction in the Pacific region)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Broussonetia papyrifera Hawaiian Varieties (Morus papyrifera, Smithiodendron artocarpioideum); paper mulberry

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

 

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

http://www.canoeplants.com/wauke.html

One of the principle plants introduced by early voyaging Polynesians who settled here in Hawai`i, wauke is thought to have been carried in the canoes as root shoot [seedless Hawaiian varieties could be considered domesticated]

1.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"B. papyrifera is an extremely fast growing tree which is highly suitable for rehabilitating eroded areas and controlling further erosion. However, a few years after introduction it often becomes invasive and is difficult to eradicate. " (2)'B. papyrifer

1.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

There are 16 or 17 recognized varieties of B. papyrifera, including five wild varieties.

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

B. papyrifera is native to East Asia and is extensively cultivated within its natural range for its bark. It has become naturalized throughout Asia, from India and Pakistan to Thailand, Malaysia and the Pacific Islands, and also in North America.

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.gardenbed.com/B/787.cfm

(1)Natural latitude range
Approximate limits north to south: 45N to 0S
B. papyrifera was introduced to India in 1880 (Parker, 1956). It is now commonly found in India and Pakistan from sea level to 1000 m altitude and has become highly invasive and a trou

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

B. papyrifera is native to East Asia and is extensively cultivated within its natural range for its bark. It has become naturalized throughout Asia, from India and Pakistan to Thailand, Malaysia and the Pacific Islands, and also in North America.

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Location of introductions
It has been successfully planted in some European countries (Italy, Slovenia, Ukraine, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain) and in the USA. It has been under trial in Tonga, Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Zimbabwe and the subtropical Lake zone

3.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"B. papyrifera is an extremely fast growing tree which is highly suitable for rehabilitating eroded areas and controlling further erosion. However, a few years after introduction it often becomes invasive and is difficult to eradicate. "

3.02

no evidence of garden weed [answered Y for environmental weed]

3.03

(1) Brink, M., and R. P. Escobin (eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 17: Fibre plants. Prosea Fundation/Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 456pp.
(2) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK:

(1) "It is sometimes considered a weed, for example in Philippines."
(2) "Once established, it spreads quickly to adjacent areas, hence B. papyrifera is not generally recommended for growing on farmland along with field crops."
(3) AB: The tree shows th

3.04

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/brpa.htm (3)http://edu.iucnp.org/appendix2.htm

(1) It is a highly invasive species and spreads quickly on newly exposed sites. It spreads by seed, primarily through birds, and by root suckers, which it sends out in great numbers from its superficial roots. It also coppices vigorously. Following invasi

3.05

no evidence

4.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

B. papyrifera seedlings and saplings are browsed by cattle.

4.05

CAB International, (2001) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

B. papyrifera can be lopped for fodder. In a study in Taiwan, the leaves were studied for digestiblity. B. papyrifera seedlings and saplings are browsed by cattle.

4.06

CAB International, (2002) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Pests recorded
Insect pests: Helicoverpa armigera (polyphagous)
Fungus diseases: Periconiella broussonetiae (not known to infect other plants)
Bacterial diseases: Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae is a nutritionally versatile organism. There are 41 pathov

4.07

no evidence

4.08

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.moprairie.org/eco/app2.htm

(1)deciduous, fast growing and form monospecific stand, annual rainfall of 700 to 2500 mm (2)in thickets [a bushy tree that grows in thickets in dry areas.]

4.09

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.westernturf.com/treelist.htm

(1)Silvicultural characteristics:B. papyrifera is a light demander but can grow under adverse light conditions as well (2)full sun [conflict]

4.1

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Soil and physiography
B. papyrifera requires moist, well-drained soil and has been unsuccessful when tried on poor soil. It prefers sandy loams and light soils. Stiff clay and hard laterite soils prevent penetration of the roots to the sub-soil, resulting

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

a medium to large deciduous tree

4.12

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

deciduous, fast growing and form monospecific stand, - It is a highly invasive species and spreads quickly on newly exposed sites. It spreads by seed, primarily through birds, and by root suckers, which it sends out in great numbers from its superficial

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Moraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Ability to sucker; regenerate rapidly

6.02

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the Flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press.

(1)B. papyrifera can be grown from seed (sown and self-sown) (2)Mature fruits have not been observed in Hawai‘i

6.03

no evidence

6.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

B. papyrifera is unisexual and dioecious.

6.05

Chen SuHwa; Huang ShuYue (2000) Aeropalynological study of Yangmingshan national park, Taiwan. Taiwania, 2000, Vol.45, No.4, pp.281-295, 40 ref.

AB: An aeropalynological study was conducted within Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan. At the study site (Hsiao-Kuan-Yin), a Burkard seven-day volumetric pollen trap was used to collect samples from April 1997 to March 1998. Over this period, a total of

6.06

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

It spreads by seed, primarily through birds, and by root suckers, which it sends out in great numbers from its superficial roots.

6.07

(1)http://www.seedman.com/tree3.htm (2)http://www.gardenbed.com/B/787.cfm

(1)It will quickly grow to 30 ft (2)A fast-growing tree [estimate for a fast growing medium sized tree]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Brink, M., and R. P. Escobin (eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 17: Fibre plants. Prosea Fundation/Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 456pp.

p.91 "It has been cultivated in East Asia, Indonesia , and Polynesia since early times"

7.03

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7900 (18 Sep

(1)"Weed: potential seed contaminant" (2)Mature fruits have not been observed in Hawai‘I

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the Flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press.

(1)"The vivid colour of the ripe fruits and their palatable fleshy stalks attract many birds, monkeys and rodents, causing extensive damage to seed" (2)Mature fruits have not been observed in Hawai‘i

7.07

no means of attachment

7.08

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the Flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press.

(1)Seed dispersed by birds has been observed to germinate readily. (2)Mature fruits have not been observed in Hawai‘I

8.01

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.oneloa.com/Oneloa%20Development.pdf (3)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the Flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press.

(1)Seeds are light and small, with about 540,000 seeds per kilogram [many small seeds per fruit] (2)Fruit are rare (3)Mature fruits have not been observed in Hawai‘I

8.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Seeds collected in June usually show a tendency to be dormant for about one month after sowing, indicating a period of after-ripening. Seed germination starts three weeks after sowing and is completed within four months.

8.03

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/brpa.htm

Application of the herbicide triclopyr to the bark has been successful.

8.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

If felled and uprooted it can maintain its presence by means of numerous suckers which grow from any portions of root left in the ground (Troup, 1921). Its growth is extremely fast and it quickly out-competes other species.

8.05

no evidence


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