Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Bixa orellana; lipsticktree, annatto

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)http://www.hear.org/iwraw/1999/papers/tyefinal.pdf (2)Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper No. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 p.

(1)naturalized in Galapagos but relatively uncommon (2)On some Pacific Islands

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7249 (02 April 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico [s.]
Southern America: Belize; Bolivia [n.]; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela
Other: widely cult. & naturalized elsewhere in tropics

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.(2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (3)http://www.ftg.fiu.edu/gl/bixa/bixaorellana.htm

(1)Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 2200 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 2500 - 5000 mm
- Rainfall regime: bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: 3 - 4 months
- Mean annual temperature: 28 - 32C
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 - 27C
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 18 - 26C
- Absolute minimum temperature: 0 - 5C (2)Most natural specimens collected below 500 m elevation (3)The plant grows equally well in lowlands and mountainous regions or areas of higher elevation (Bruggeman 1957)

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7249 (02 April 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico [s.]
Southern America: Belize; Bolivia [n.]; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela
Other: widely cult. & naturalized elsewhere in tropics

2.05

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7249 (02 April 2003)

widely cult. & naturalized elsewhere in tropics

3.01

(1)http://www.hear.org/iwraw/1999/papers/tyefinal.pdf (2)Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper No. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 p.

(1)naturalized in Galapagos but relatively uncommon (2)On some Pacific Islands

3.02

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Bixa%20orellana.pdf (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/fijiweeds.htm

(1)All the naturally growing annatto shrubs in Puerto Rico are found on neglected or abandoned farmland, some of which has grown up to early secondary forest. (2)Rated as a "minor" weed in Fiji --"Minor weed. Normally occurring either as scattered or small groups of plants that have little adverse effect on the crop or farming system" [not an economic weed] [perhaps could be considered as a disturbance weed, but no reports of control efforts]

3.03

Other invasive and potentially invasive plant species in Fiji, A product of the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER) Available at: <http://www.hear.org/pier/fijiweeds.htm>

Rated as a "minor" weed in Fiji --"Minor weed. Normally occurring either as scattered or small groups of plants that have little adverse effect on the crop or farming system" [not an economic weed]

3.04

Tye, A. (2001) Invasive Plant Problems and Requirements for Weed Risk Assessment in the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Weed Risk Assessment Workshop. CSIRO Publishing. Available at: <http://www.hear.org/iwraw/1999/papers/tyefinal.pdf>

naturalized in Galapagos but relatively uncommon

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.85

no description of theses traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://pppis.fao.org/

not used as a fodder

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Lever, R. A. (1982). "Amblypelta spp. (Hem.: Coreidae), new Australian records." Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society 15(3/4): 88.

AB: "The new records of Amblypelta from the Australasian Region are of A. lutescens lutescens (Dist.) in Western Australia in April 1982 and of the cacao pest A. theobromae Brown on cashew and Bixa orellana in Papua New Guinea in 1974." [occasional minor pest of cocoa]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)http://www.agroforestry.net/pubs/Understory.pdf (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Bixa%20orellana.pdf (3)http://www.ftg.fiu.edu/gl/bixa/bixaorellana.htm

(1)can be grown as an understory crop (2)Annatto is shade-intolerant and must have disturbance or a broken forest canopy to become established. Anatto is vulnerable to overtopping and smothering by trees, shrubs, vines, and grass. Plants that have become overtopped and shaded cease to flower and bear fruit.(3)B. orellana requires full sunlight

4.1

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Bixa%20orellana.pdf

(1)Descriptors
- Soil texture: medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: neutral; alkaline (2)Soils with textures from sands to clays are colonized. The species tolerates relatively low base saturation and moderate compaction.

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.86

tree to shrub

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Bixaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.86

"propagated by seeds or cuttings"

6.03

http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/bixaceae.htm

Bixaceae: 4 species total, no reports of hybrization

6.04

(1)Maues, M. M. and G. C. Venturieri (1995). "Pollination biology of anatto and its pollinators in Amazon area." Honeybee Science 16(1): 27-30. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-367.html#Bixa%20orellana

(1)"Pollination experiments showed that the flowers are primarily cross-pollinated but some self-pollination can occur. Efficient buzz-pollination was achieved by certain bee species which were frequent visitors to the flowers (Xylocopa frontalis, Epicharis rustica, Melipona melanoventer). Apis mellifera and some Trigona species collected pollen in a manner that achieved little pollination." (2)Yields from seedling trees are very variable as the crop is cross pollinated.

6.05

Maues, M. M. and G. C. Venturieri (1995). "Pollination biology of anatto and its pollinators in Amazon area." Honeybee Science 16(1): 27-30.

AB: "Pollination experiments showed that the flowers are primarily cross-pollinated but some self-pollination can occur. Efficient buzz-pollination was achieved by certain bee species which were frequent visitors to the flowers (Xylocopa frontalis, Epicharis rustica, Melipona melanoventer). Apis mellifera and some Trigona species collected pollen in a manner that achieved little pollination."

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/Bixa%20orellana.pdf (3)http://www.nerdatabank.nic.in/csireconomic.htm

(1)"propagation from cuttings is often more favourable, as cuttings from high-yielding cultivars yields may bear fruit within two years" [cuttings] (2)Annatto shrubs will bear fruit when 2 years old in Hawaii (Neal 1965). (2)The plant bears fruit after 2 year.

7.01

no evidence

7.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?7249 (02 April 2003)

widely cultivated in tropics

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.86

"Fruit a red, ovoid, sofy-spiny capsule 3-5 cm long, opening at the tip o expose the numberous greasy, red seeds." [hard seeds covered with fleshy tissue, presumed to attract birds]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.(2)http://www.ftg.fiu.edu/gl/bixa/bixaorellana.htm (3)http://www.nerdatabank.nic.in/csireconomic.htm

(1)Average annual yields of dry seed have been reported as 4.5-5 kg/tree (2) seeds 5 mm in diameter, numerous seeds/fruit [large seeds] (3)24 to 40 seeds in a pericarp, about 12 pericarps per bunch. A plant yields 500g-1 kg seeds per annum [borderline]

8.02

Amaral, L. I. V., M. d. F. A. Pereira, et al. (1995). "Dormancy breaking in seeds of Bixa orellana." Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal 7(2): 151-157.

AB: Dormancy of mature B. orellana seeds at harvest was shown to be caused by impermeability of the testa to water. Percentage germination was highest after mechanical scarification by lateral cuts (approx. 70% after 6 days, compared with approx. 20% after 10 days in untreated control seeds).

8.03

Chuo, S. K., S. H. Wong, et al. (1982). "Field evaluation of three pre-emergent herbicides for weed control in potted seedlings of ten species of ornamental trees in Singapore." Singapore Journal of Primary Industries 10(1): 19-25.

AB: "Afalon and Afalon-S [linuron] each at 1 or 2 kg a.i./ha gave good weed control but were both phytotoxic to Ardisia elliptica, Pterocarpus indicus, Cassia fistula and Bixa orellana."

8.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

- Ability to regenerate rapidly

8.05

no evidence