Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 1
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
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Bambusa oldhamii Munro Family- Poaceae. Common names - Oldham's bamboo, giant timber bamboo, ryoku-chiku. Synonym - Sinocalamus oldhamii (Munro) McClure. Dendrocalamopsis oldhamii |
Answer |
Score |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
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|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
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|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
1 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y |
1 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
n |
0 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
-2 |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
y |
1 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
n |
0 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
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|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
n |
-1 |
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
n |
0 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
n |
0 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
n |
0 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
n |
0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y |
1 |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y |
1 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
n |
0 |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y |
1 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
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|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y |
1 |
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
n |
0 |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y |
1 |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
4 |
-1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
n |
-1 |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y |
1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
n |
-1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
n |
-1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
n |
-1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y |
1 |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
n |
-1 |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
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|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y |
1 |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
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Total score: |
1 |
||
Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Reference |
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|
1.01 |
No evidence. |
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1.02 |
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1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1)ASIA-TEMPERATE |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Poaceae/Bambusa_oldhamii.html |
|
2.02 |
(1)Introduced to Britain - "Plants are not very hardy in Britain, they do not tolerate prolonged exposure to temperatures below -5°c[200]. They can succeed outdoors in a woodland in the mildest areas of the country. " (2)Introduced to several stated in the U.S. (3)Introduced to New Zealand. (4)Introduced to Australia. |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii
(2)http://www.endangeredspecies.com |
|
2.03 |
(1)Hardiness: |
(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57985/ (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Poaceae/Bambusa_oldhamii.html |
|
2.04 |
(1)Native to temperate Asia. (2)Cultivated in but no evidence of naturalization in tropical and subtropical climates. |
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|
2.05 |
(1)Introduced to Britain - "Plants are not very hardy in Britain, they do not tolerate prolonged exposure to temperatures below -5°c[200]. They can succeed outdoors in a woodland in the mildest areas of the country. " (2)Introduced to several stated in the U.S. (3)Introduced to New Zealand. (4)Introduced to Australia. |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii
(2)http://www.endangeredspecies.com |
|
3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization. |
|
|
3.02 |
No evidence. |
|
|
3.03 |
No evidence. |
|
|
3.04 |
No evidence. |
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|
3.05 |
1) Bambusa vulgaris - Listed as an "alien invasive species" in Jamaica but no impacts/further comments are given 2)Bambusa vulgaris - Forming extensive groves |
1)http://www.jamaicachm.org.jm/aliens_i_pl.htm 2)Adams, C.D. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona. |
|
4.01 |
"without thorny branches" |
http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Bambusa.htm#Bambusa_vulgaris |
|
4.02 |
"Abstract: A unique pattern of
weed exclusion by bamboo vegetation is often found on many hillsides of
mountains at elevations below 1500 m in Taiwan. The experimental field
results showed that the density of understory in a pure stand of P. edulis
(bamboo) was significantly lower than that of Cryptomeria japonica
(conifer), although the total number of understory species was higher in the
former than in the latter. The light intensity, soil moisture and soil
nutrient contents were much in favor of the former, indicating that the low
density of understory in the bamboo stands was not due to the competition
for light, nutrient and soil moisture. Fourteen bamboo species [Bambusa
floribunda, B. multiplex, B. multiplex f. alphoneso, B. oldhami, B.
pachinensis, B. ventricosa, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Phyllostachys
edulis, P. lithophila, P. makinoi, P. reticulata, Semiarundinaria fostuosa,
Shibataea kumasasa and Sinocalamus latiflorus] were selected for evaluation
of allelopathic potential. The pH of aqueous extracts of bamboo leaves and
their soils ranged from 5.1-8.3 and osmotic concentrations of these extracts
were < 23 milliosmols. At these ranges of pH and osmotic concentration, the
inhibition of plant growth by these extracts was not due to the effects of
both. The extracts did exhibit significant phytotoxicity on seed germination
and radicle growth of lettuce, rye grass and rice plants, indicating that
the inhibition was due to a phytotoxic effect. Among the 14 bamboo spp.,
Sinocalamus latiflorus had the highest phytotoxicity, and Bambusa oldhami,
B. pachinensis, upon the test plants. The aqueous extracts obtained from the
associated bamboo soils exhibited some inhibition which in most extracts was
correlated to that of leaf extracts. The allelopathic substances isolated
from the bamboo leaves and their soils were identified as phenolic acids,
namely, o-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic,
vanillic and syringic acids. Some unidentified flavonoids and others may
contribute to the allelopathic dominance of bamboo vegetation." |
CHOU C-H; HOU M-H. ALLELOPATHIC RESEARCHES OF SUBTROPICAL VEGETATIONS IN TAIWAN 1. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF BAMBOO PHYLLOSTACHYS-EDULIS VEGETATION. Proceedings of the National Science Council Republic of China Part B Basic Science 5 (3) : 284-292 1981 |
|
4.03 |
No evidence. |
|
|
4.04 |
(1)Bambusa oldhamii can potentially be used as fodder. (2)"Bamboos tend to be highly nutritious and stock love to get at them. However three points must be noted in relation to their edibility. Firstly several species of bamboo (mostly tropical ones) contain hydrocyanic acid in their new shoots, noticeable as a bitterness. This substance can cause poisoning if eaten in sufficient quantity, but is easily removed by boiling for human consumption. In some parts of the world (mainly the tropics), bamboo shoots are routinely protected from cattle for this reason, until the shoots have grown to full height, when they leaf up and the leaves are highly nutritious (more or less depending on the time of year). Many other types of plant that stock regularly eat contain small levels of toxins, it is only if they eat too much at once that there is any danger of adverse effects. Some species of bamboo are much less toxic than others, e.g. Phyllostachys species (especially P. aurea which is edible raw by humans). Shoots of several Phyllostachys species are eaten by dairy cows without any adverse effects." [Note - This reference does not talk about B. oldhamii or the Bambusa species in particular] (3)"Fodder for domestic livestock: Arundinaria gigantea, A. g. tecta, Bambusa balcooa, B. nutans, B. tulda, B. tulda f. striata, B. vulgaris, B.v. 'Vittata', Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. g. variegatus, D. hamiltonii, Phyllostachys edulis, Aulonemia spp., Chusquea spp., Rhipidocladum spp., Yushania alpina" [Note - B. oldhamii is not listed on the American Bamboo Society website]. (4)Although B. oldhamii is introduced to New Zealand it is not mentioned on the list of bamboo species that are available in NZ and suitable for one or both of grazing and erosion control. [Since B. oldhamii is listed as a potential fodder plant - it is probably palatable to livestock. However B. oldhamii is not specifically discussed in references 2 to 4 - and this might be because it has not yet been explored for fodder or grazing]. |
(1)http://www.agroforestry.net/pubs/multwind.pdf |
|
4.05 |
"Bamboos tend to be highly nutritious and stock love to get at them. However three points must be noted in relation to their edibility. Firstly several species of bamboo (mostly tropical ones) contain hydrocyanic acid in their new shoots, noticeable as a bitterness. This substance can cause poisoning if eaten in sufficient quantity, but is easily removed by boiling for human consumption. In some parts of the world (mainly the tropics), bamboo shoots are routinely protected from cattle for this reason, until the shoots have grown to full height, when they leaf up and the leaves are highly nutritious (more or less depending on the time of year). Many other types of plant that stock regularly eat contain small levels of toxins, it is only if they eat too much at once that there is any danger of adverse effects. Some species of bamboo are much less toxic than others, e.g. Phyllostachys species (especially P. aurea which is edible raw by humans). Shoots of several Phyllostachys species are eaten by dairy cows without any adverse effects." [Furthermore - no evidence of any case studies of toxicity or poisoning of livestock with B. oldhamii]. |
http://www.forestfloor.co.nz/ff/bamboopastoral.htm |
|
4.06 |
The following species were listed to be associated with
Bambusa oldhamii - Alternaria alternata (alternaria leaf spot) fungus |
Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
|
4.07 |
(1)"Bambusa oldhamii, sub-tropically adapted symodial bamboo, is the favored shoot species in Taiwan, where it is cultivated on large scale for shoots for fresh consumption and processing." (2)"The first bamboos were planted about 7 years ago. The main edible ones that Sangeet started with were Bambusa oldhamii and Dendrocalamus latiflorus. Both are large bamboos producing high quality eating shoots and can be used for furniture making and building structures." (3)"C6 shoots; higher quality (somewhat dependent on cultivation practices, should require little or no boiling); Acidosasa edulis, Bambusa blumeana, B. burmanica, B. oldhamii, Dendrocalamus asper, D. brandisii, D. beecheyana, D. hamiltonii, D. latiflorus, Fargesia fungosa, Gigantochloa atter, G. levis, G. robusta, Nastus elatus, Phyllostachys edulis, P. dulcis, P. iridescens." (4)Abstract - "Three cases of contact dermatitis due to bamboo, with positive patch test reactions, are reported. The dermatitis involved the exposed parts and was very puritic. On healing of the dermatitis, a deep brownish pigmentation was noted on all parts involved. It is believed that the reason the patient in case 1 had no recurrence on reexposure was, in all probability, "hardening', since he had worked for 30 years at this occupation." [Probably not - no evidence of allergy or other clinical reports regarding B. oldhamii in particular]. |
(1)http://www.rirdc.gov.au/NewCrops/2%20-%20New%20Crops%20Asian%20Vegetables%20section.pdf (2)http://www.sapphirecoastproducers.com.au/producer/producer_feb06.html (3)http://www.americanbamboo.org/SpeciesSourceListPages/TheUseCode.html (4)Contact dermatitis caused by bamboo. Schiff BL. A M A Arch Dermatol Syph, Vol. 64, p. 66-67, 1951 [PPBIB] |
|
4.08 |
Probably not - An evergreen bamboo - in leaf all year. |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii |
|
4.09 |
(1)"It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. Habitats and Possible Locations - Woodland, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge." (2)Sun Exposure: Full sun". (3)"Sun Exposure: Part sun to full sun" (4)"Part Shade to Full Sun" |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii |
|
4.1 |
(1)"The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and
heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline)
soils." (2)Soil pH requirements: |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57985/ |
|
4.11 |
No evidence |
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|
4.12 |
(1) B. oldhamii is a 'clumper' not a 'runner'. "Clumpers are
very well behaved, each rhizome can give rise to one new rhizome. They
generally spread very slowly, in concentric circles from the original plant.
Bambusa oldhamii is an example of this type. oldhamii can be found most of
the North Island, used as a shelter belts and hedges." "Runners can be very
invasive. Their rhizomes can travel long distances underground, then pop up
meters away from the original plant, for instance, in the neighbour's
garden. This rhizome can give rise to many more rhizomes along its length.
These types of bamboo, the runners, should be planted with extreme caution,
..." |
(1)http://www.bambusero.co.nz/that-weed/ (2)http://www.monrovia.com/PlantInf.nsf/3e858bc84af1756c88256f0a00787e69/ |
|
5.01 |
||
|
5.02 |
A grass. |
http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Bambusa+oldhamii |
|
5.03 |
||
|
5.04 |
||
|
6.01 |
No evidence. |
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|
6.02 |
"Seed - surface sow as soon as it is ripe in a greenhouse at about 20°c. Do not allow the compost to dry out. Germination usually takes place fairly quickly so long as the seed is of good quality, though it can take 3 - 6 months." |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii |
|
6.03 |
Dont know - (1)"In South-East Asia, the breeding of bamboos is still in its infancy. In China, hybridization experiments among native species (e.g. Dendrocalamus latiflorus x D. hamiltonii Nees and D. latiflorus x Sinocalamus stenoauritus W.T. Li) are carried out as part of selection and breeding programmes for shoot production. The scope of the species selected for this purpose, however, is very limited because of the irregularity of flowering." (2)"Abstract: Systematic research was taken on in vitro rapid propagation of the hybrid of 28-year-old (Bambusa pervariabilisXDendrocalamus latiflorus) No. 7. The results are as follows: ..." |
(1)Plant resources of South-East Asia. Editors, E. Westphal ... et al. ; associate editor, R.K. Arora ... et al. Bamboos. Wageningen : Pudoc, 1989. Page 38. (2)Zhang Guang-chu; Wang Yu-Xia. Study on in vitro rapid propagation of the hybrid of Bambusa pervariabilisXDendrocalamus latiflorus No. 7. Forest Research 16 (3) : 245-253 Jun. 2003 |
|
6.04 |
"The flowers are complete, not separately male and female. Most bamboos are wind-pollinated. Insects may be involved with some species. Apparently a single plant can set seeds (self-pollination); having another of the same species nearby is not necessary. " |
http://www.bamboo.org/GeneralInfoPages/FromFlowersToSeedlings.html |
|
6.05 |
"The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind. " |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii |
|
6.06 |
(1)"A clumping bamboo - rhizomes will not run sideways." (2)"B. oldhamii is a 'clumper' not a 'runner'. "Clumpers are very well behaved, each rhizome can give rise to one new rhizome. They generally spread very slowly, in concentric circles from the original plant. Bambusa oldhamii is an example of this type. ..." [Although very slow, the species can spread vegetatively via rhizomes]. |
(1)http://www.endangeredspecies.com |
|
6.07 |
(1)"Plants only flower at intervals of many years. When they do come into flower most of the plants energies are directed into producing seed and consequently the plant is severely weakened. They sometimes die after flowering, but if left alone they will usually recover though they will look very poorly for a few years." (2)"This plant is monocarpic" |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Bambusa+oldhamii
|
|
7.01 |
No evidence of plants growing in heavily trafficked areas. |
|
|
7.02 |
Ornamental bamboo - plants can be purchased via internet. |
http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/57985/ |
|
7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near seed corps. |
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|
7.04 |
Probably yes - grass species. |
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|
7.05 |
No evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
Probably not - a grass species. |
|
|
7.07 |
No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. |
|
|
7.08 |
Probably not - no evidence of ingestion of propagules by animals. |
|
|
8.01 |
(1)"Plants only flower at intervals of many years. When they do come into flower most of the plants energies are directed into producing seed and consequently the plant is severely weakened." (2)"However, with many bamboos, the set of seed is very small in comparison with the number of flowers. Sometimes one can feel one seed pod after another repeatedly without finding any seeds, or just one or two. Some growers plant the entire mass of seed head, chaff and all." (3)"Bambusa oldhami puts up new short stalks near the base that hold its flowers, which are apparently infertile." [No evidence regarding seed size, however, it is a grass species with relatively small seeds that flowers in a 'big bang' fashion and so probably, when it seeds there are > 1000 seeds / m sq]. |
(1)http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Bambusa+oldhamii (2)http://www.bamboo.org/GeneralInfoPages/FromFlowersToSeedlings.html (3)http://www.bamboo.org/GeneralInfoPages/FromFlowersToSeedlings.html |
|
8.02 |
Probably not - (1)"When seeds are available, mass propagation can be established readily: as soon as they are mature the fleshy-type fruit and the grass-type sees will germinate readily in a moist medium in a nursery, if sown immeidately after gathering. The viability of the seed decreases if it is not kept under suitable conditions. For most species, viability lasts only upto about 2 months. Seed longevity could be prolonged up to 60 days in Melocanna bacifera by storing the seed in dry sand. Seeds may retain their viability for a much longer period of time (up to 2 years) when stored under cool conditions." (2)"If one wants seedlings, the seeds should be planted as soon as they have dried on the plant, because the viability of bamboo seeds drops off very rapidly with time." |
(1)Plant resources of South-East Asia. Editors, E. Westphal ... et al. ; associate editor, R.K. Arora ... et al. Bamboos. Wageningen : Pudoc, 1989. Page 38. (2)http://www.bamboo.org/GeneralInfoPages/FromFlowersToSeedlings.html |
|
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
|
8.04 |
(1)"Runners are not going to take over your yard if you
rhizome prune once or twice a year with a shovel. I guarantee you that the
out-of-control grove you saw started from a couple of plants put in the
ground a number of years ago and left to do whatever they wanted with no
maintenance." (2)"When tops of culms are killed back, the culms, or their
bottom half remain green and in the spring below ground shoots may form from
buds on the culm base. These begin growing in an upright fashion looking
like a regular but smaller shoot, but as they form branches they begin to
grow outwards rather than upwards and it soon becomes evident that they bear
the characteristic of side branches. |
(1)http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/bamboo/msg060830518667.html
(2)http://www.bamboocraft.net/forums/showthread.php?p=6937 (3)http://www.bamboocraft.net/forums/archive/index.php/t-870.html
(4)http://www.endangeredspecies.com |
|
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
|
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