Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Atractocarpus fitzalanii


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 3 (high risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Atractocarpus fitzalanii (F.Muell.) Puttock. Family - Rubiaceae. Common Names(s) - Yellow Mangosteen. Synonym(s) - Randia fitzalanii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. Ex Benth., Trukia fitzalanii (F. Muell.) Fosberg.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence (2)No evidence

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Endemic to north-eastern Queensland.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

2.02

(1)Endemic to north-eastern Queensland.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

2.03

(1)Cold is a problem, particularly for young plants, and fruit may not set on plants south of Brisbane. (2)Zones 10 and 11; marginal in zone 10a [genus description]

(1)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia.

2.04

(1)Endemic to north-eastern Queensland.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

2.05

(1)A bushy species with decorative foliage and fragrant flowers. The fruit are edible and soft. [most information about this species comes from the native range in Australia] (2)Locations: Harold L. Lyon Arboretum (Confirmed) Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden Waimea Arboretum & Botanical Garden (Confirmed)

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/?pg=search&str=lani&fld=&lngID=2141551972 [Accessed 04 June 2009]

3.01

(1)This tree, native to tropical Asia and Australia, was first planted in the Arboretum in 1919 and first noted by Lyon as volunteering in 1943. The plant is characterized by dark green, glabrous, obovate-ovate leaves 1–20 cm long. Leaves are commonly oblanceolate in seedlings. The flowers are white and fragrant, and the fruit is yellow at maturity, ca. 8 cm in diameter, and many seeded. Thousands of seedlings and dozens of saplings were observed in ‘Aihualama. Records indicate that it was planted only in the lower parts of ‘Aihualama, but saplings and mature plants were found more than 300 m away in upper ‘Aihualama, bordering on State of Hawai‘i watershed forest. Material examined: O‘AHU: Mature naturalized tree ca. 5 m tall in Haukulu with dozens of seedlings in the vicinity, Lyon Arboretum, 14 Jun 2005 C. Daehler 1317 (BISH); seedlings in Ardisia elliptica forest, ‘Aihualama, Lyon Arboretum, 3 Mar 2005, C. Daehler 1094 (HAW); Lyon Arboretum (cultivated), 22 Mar 1972, S. Ishikawa 72 (HLA).

(1)Daehler, C. C. and R. F. Baker. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O`ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Article

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009]

3.05

(1)Randia fitzalanii, an Australian species that is part of this clade has been placed in Trukia (Fosberg, 1987). Recently, Puttock (1999) and Puttock and Quinn (1999) performed morphological analyses of Asian-Australian Gardenieae and considered it appropriate to include Trukia, Sukunia, and possibly Porterandia in Atractocarpus. Our results support these relationships, although our analysis includes a more limited sampling compared to Puttock and Quinn’s analysis. [No weedy species listed in Atractocarpus, but Randia spp. listed as weeds] (2)Atractocarpus [no evidence] (3)Randia aculeata (Rubiaceae) Randia formosa (Rubiaceae) Randia mitis (Rubiaceae) Randia spinifex (Rubiaceae) [all listed as weeds]

(1)Andreasen, K. and B. Bremer. 2000. Combined phylogenetic analysis in the Rubiaceae-Ixoroideae: morphology, nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1731–1748. (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamea.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009] (3)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamer.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009]

4.01

(1)No evidence of spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.02

(1)Sand Ridge Woodland Habitat (S) This habitat corresponds to the tall 18 m Melaleuca leucadendra woodland and closed forest vegetation communities recorded on the sand dune ridges. These communities also typically contain Acacia crassicarpa, Pleiogynum timoreme, Canarium aurtralanium, Randia fitzalanii in the sub-canopy, an understorey up to 5 m of Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Polyscias elegans, Ficus oppsita, Pandanus sp., Mimusops elengi, Persomia falcata, Schefflera actinophylla, Morinda citnfolia, Terminalia meulleri and a shrub/ground layer of Urena lobata, Imperata cylindrica, Alyxia obtusifolia, Dianella sp. and Dendrobium spp. Vines such as Jasminum volubile and Flagellaria indica are prominent in these communities. [no evidence of allelopathy, and species grows in diverse understory]

(1)Kutt, A. S. 1997. Terrestrial vertebrate survey in the coastal wetlands surrounding Cairns International Airport, North Queensland. Australian Zoologist 30(3): 300-309.

4.03

(1)A bushy shrub or tree to about 6 m tall. [no evidence]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)These fruits are edible and have prompted the common name Yellow Mangosteen, after the delicious Malaysian Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). They are, however, not related nor even similar in taste...Well-grown garden plants are bushy and very handsome. They make excellent indoor or outdoor container plants [ornamental and edible fruit with no mention of toxicity or allergic reactions, and no evidence that animals browse or feed on plant]

(1)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)These fruits are edible and have prompted the common name Yellow Mangosteen, after the delicious Malaysian Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). They are, however, not related nor even similar in taste...Well-grown garden plants are bushy and very handsome. They make excellent indoor or outdoor container plants [ornamental and edible fruit with no mention of toxicity or allergic reactions]

(1)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia.

4.08

(1)Randia fitzalanii grows naturally in the rainforests from Cooktown in the north of Queensland down to about Mackay [no evidence that this rainforest species is adapted to or increases fire]

(1)http://www.gardenboutique.com/other%20Plants/randiafitzalanii.html [Accessed 04 June 2009]

4.09

(1)This species grows well in a shady position and likes an abundance of water. (2)Full Sun/ Part Shade

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/plant/Native-Gardenia-Randia-Fitzalani.htm?PHPSESSID=55d93e8504b783416359d01e3461e96b [Accessed 04 June 2009]

4.10

(1)moist, well-drained, light to medium soil. (2)needs a shady moist well drained situation. Because it's a rain forrest tree it will like lots of mulch. Could be hard to get it to cope with sandy soil. (3)Tolerates any kind of soil, but looks best when grown in a neutral to acid soil.

(1)http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/plant/Native-Gardenia-Randia-Fitzalani.htm?PHPSESSID=55d93e8504b783416359d01e3461e96b [Accessed 04 June 2009] (2)http://www2b.abc.net.au/gardening/newposts/166/post166966.shtm [Accessed 04 June 2009] (3)http://www.tropicalparadisegarden.com/page3.html [Accessed 04 June 2009]

4.11

(1)A bushy shrub or tree to about 6 m tall.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

4.12

(1)No evidence from native range

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

5.02

(1)Rubiaceae

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

5.03

(1)Rubiaceae

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

5.04

(1)A bushy shrub or tree to about 6 m tall.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.01

(1)Propagation: From fresh seed [no evidence]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.02

(1)Propagation: From fresh seed

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)The star-shaped flowers have 5 white to cream petals, those on the female plant tend to be more strongly perfumed than the male flowers. [dioecious]

(1)http://cms.jcu.edu.au/discovernature/plantcairns/JCUDEV_005234 [Accessed 04 June 2009]

6.05

(1)Clusters of fragrant, white flowers (tubular at the base with 5 prominent petals), to 2.5 cm across [flower morphology, color and fragrance suggests pollination by moths, but specifics unknown] (2)Flowers attracting butterflies and moths are quite different; those attracting butterflies are generally colourful, while those designed for moths are paler in colour and strong in odour, such as the 'Native Gardenia' Randia spp.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)http://rainforest-australia.com/Pollination_and_flowers.htm [Accessed 04 June 2009]

6.06

(1)Propagation: From fresh seed [no evidence of vegetative spread]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

6.07

(1)My older one is about 4 years old now and only about 2m high. They don't seem to like the hottest direct northern sun - bleaches some leaves. The leaves are a beautiful glossy deep green. My older one has had a few flowers over the last two years, but flowering has yet to get into full stride. [flowers in <4 years] (2)I may be able to shed some light on reproductive maturity; the ones I have been watching are just about 4 years old, and the first of them are blooming this year.

(1)http://www.au.gardenweb.com/forums/load/oznative/msg0418403320199.html [Accessed 04 June 2009] (2)Karl Buermeyer (pers. Comm. 08 June 2009]

7.01

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across [large fruit, no means of external attachment]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.02

(1)A bushy species with decorative foliage and fragrant flowers. The fruit are edible and soft. [ornamental, and fruit tree]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.03

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across [unlikely, large fruit]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.04

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.05

(1)position in riparian habitats described as M = mid-bank and creek flat area; R = riparian (flat at top of creek slope) and W = wet areas…listed as growing in Melaleuca quinquinervia & Dillenia alata swamp community [distribution suggests fruits and/or seeds may float and could be water dispersed]

(1)http://www.fnqroc.qld.gov.au/pest/documents/S9_Natural_Area_Restoration_Specification_-_FNQROC_Development_Manual_11_05.pdf [Accessed 04 June 2009]

7.06

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across [fleshy-fruited] (2)In late autumn, yellow fruits develop, 4-8 cm in diameter and filled with small seeds embedded in a soft pulp. (3)The many-seeded fruit are listed as being eaten by cassowaries and it is recorded that Aborigines ate the pulp without preparation.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia. (3)http://www.wettropics.gov.au/st/st_pdf/tropical_topics/23CaringForCountry.pdf [Accessed 04 June 2009]

7.07

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across [no means of external attachment]

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

7.08

(1)Rounded, yellowish fruit grow to about 8 cm across [fleshy-fruited] (2)In late autumn, yellow fruits develop, 4-8 cm in diameter and filled with small seeds embedded in a soft pulp. (3)The many-seeded fruit are listed as being eaten by cassowaries and it is recorded that Aborigines ate the pulp without preparation.

(1)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia. (2)Nicholson, N. and H. Nicholson. 1991. Australian Rainforest Plants II. Second Edition. Terania Rainforest Publishing, The Channon, Australia. (3)http://www.wettropics.gov.au/st/st_pdf/tropical_topics/23CaringForCountry.pdf [Accessed 04 June 2009]

8.01

(1)The fruit are 60-80 mm long by 50-55 mm across. They usually occur singly in the axils of leaves or at the end of branches. There are several seeds inside. The seeds are 8 mm long by 6-7 mm wide. (2)A bushy shrub or tree to about 6 m tall [probably not, but no information found on number of seeds per fruit]

(1)http://foodplantsinternational.com/index.php?sec=plants&page=simple_info&plantid=13713&nocache=1 [Accessed 04 June 2009] (2)Jones, D. L. 1986. Ornamental Rainforest Plants in Australia. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest, Australia.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

 

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown


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