Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. (giant fern or king fern, oriental vessel fern, mule's foot fern)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)There are major infestations of this species in Manoa Valley, Oahu, and along the north slope of Haleakala, Maui. (2)Risk areas: Moist forest and rain forest and low to middle elevations.

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm (2)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Madagascar through tropical Asia to north-eastern Australia and the western Pacific. It occurs in rainforests and secondary forests, often near streams. (2)AFRICA Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Sri Lanka Indo-China: Thailand; Vietnam Malesia: Malaysia AUSTRALASIA Australia: Australia - Queensland

(1)http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/sydney_gardens_domain/gardens_feature/blooming_calendar/sydney_blooming_template38 (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Angiopteris+evecta

2.02

(1)There are major infestations of this species in Manoa Valley, Oahu, and along the north slope of Haleakala, Maui. (2)Risk areas: Moist forest and rain forest and low to middle elevations.

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm (2)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm

2.03

(1)USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (2)Like a number of tropical ferns growing in Temperate regions, this can loose a frond or two in the frosty season and should be kept much drier when cold. (3)tropical and subtropical humid forests

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31508.html (2)http://www.lm.net.au/~kerogers/page15.html (3)http://www.aber.ac.uk/biology/ian_scott/fern.htm

2.04

Madagascar through tropical Asia to north-eastern Australia and the western Pacific. It occurs in rainforests and secondary forests, often near streams.

http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/sydney_gardens_domain/gardens_feature/blooming_calendar/sydney_blooming_template38

2.05

(1)There are major infestations of this species in Manoa Valley, Oahu, and along the north slope of Haleakala, Maui. (2)Florida (3)Jamaica

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm (2)http://www.leugardens.org/SUMMER%2702%20Ferns.pdf (3)http://www.ots.duke.edu/en/amigos/49/caribbean.htm

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)There are major infestations of this species in Manoa Valley, Oahu, and along the north slope of Haleakala, Maui. (2)Risk areas: Moist forest and rain forest and low to middle elevations. (3)Noxious weeds and other highly invasive plants targeted for control or eradication around rare plants and communities on SBMR include oriental vessel fern (Angiopteris evecta), (4)Invasive and noxious weeds that are proposed for control in the KTA ROI include Acacia confusa, hāmākua pāmakani (Ageratina riparia), Aleurites moluccana, broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), Oriental vessel fern (Angiopteris evecta),

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm (2)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm (3)http://www.ttsfo.com/sbcteis/feis/text/05_10.pdf (4)http://www.ttsfo.com/sbcteis/deis/text/07_10.pdf

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

" I had an Angiopteris evecta before the gopher ate it"

http://www.cloudforest.com/cafe/forum/1298.html

4.05

No evidence

4.06

The following fungi were listed to be associated with Angiopteris evecta. Cercospora angiopteridis, Coronicium thymicola, Meliola angiopteridis var. indica, Sclerotium rolfsii (generalist). [No evidence that the above are recognized pests].

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

It is not resistant to fire but grows in wet areas that only burn under extreme drought conditions.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Light Shade Partial to Full Shade (2)The moist and shaded conditions creates the perfect environment to support the rare king fern, Angiopteris evecta.

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31508.html (2)http://www.takarakka.com.au/info/carnarvon.htm

4.1

(1)Grows in sandy soils

http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gardenweb/fraser-is.htm

4.11

No evidence

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Marattiaceae

5.02

Marattiaceae

5.03

Marattiaceae

5.04

Perennial fern in Marattiaceae.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=ANEV

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Produces viable spores.

http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

a pteridophyte (fern)

6.06

Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) Allow cut surface to callous over before planting [clump forming fern does not naturally reproduce by vegetative fragmentation]

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31508.html

6.07

Don’t know

7.01

Probably not - no evidence of it being a major avenue species.

7.02

(1)Ornamental (2) 'Therefore this plant seems to be very important to the Yapese and am sure that some of the islands in the FSM also valued this plant too. This plant is very important because it is one of the common ingredients of the families' secret medicines. This plant is believed to be a pain relieve, and able to cool down the body temperature. The leaf can be gathered together like the way it is shown on this picture and lay them down on the mat. Any person who has backache can lay on it during the night sleep. It cools down the body temperature and at the same time it helps massage the body and relief the pain.On the other hand, this typical plant is used for leis especially in Yap. '

(1)http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/2000/vhp/mong.html (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Angiopteris+evecta

7.03

Probably not - no evidence of it inhabiting areas/farms where produce is cultivated.

7.04

Spores are dispersed by wind and spread this fern into native forests.

http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm

7.05

Grows in wet rainforest, spores could be water dispersed

7.06

Wind disperesed spores

7.07

Wind disperesed spores

7.08

No evidence

8.01

Probably yes - a fern with minute spores. (2)Photo of sori

(1)http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/species/angeve.htm (2)http://rainforestinfo.org.au/spp/npws/giant_fern.htm

8.02

No evidence regarding spore longevity

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for with herbicide.

8.04

No evidence

8.05

There are major infestations of this species in Manoa Valley, Oahu, and along the north slope of Haleakala, Maui.

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/ang_eve.htm