Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - Bushy Bluestem. Synonym(s) - Andropogon tenuispatheus (Nash) Nash.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

14

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Central and southern America, West Indies, Greater Antilles, Mexico, eastern and southern U.S., Florida, Costa Rica.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F) USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F) USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) (2)Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,377 meters (0 to 17,641 feet)

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55431/ [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (2)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/A/Andropogon_glomeratus/ [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

2.04

(1)Central and southern America, West Indies, Greater Antilles, Mexico, eastern and southern U.S., Florida, Costa Rica. (2)Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees has consistently been misidentified in the Hawaiian Islands as A. glomeratus. The true A. glomeratus has now been documented from the islands, based upon 5 collections from the island of Kaua‘i. The species is native from southern USA to Mexico.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Herbst, D. R. and W.D. Clayton. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

2.05

No other records of introduction found (1)Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees has consistently been misidentified in the Hawaiian Islands as A. glomeratus. The true A. glomeratus has now been documented from the islands, based upon 5 collections from the island of Kaua‘i. The species is native from southern USA to Mexico.

(1)Herbst, D. R. and W.D. Clayton. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

3.01

(1)Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees has consistently been misidentified in the Hawaiian Islands as A. glomeratus. The true A. glomeratus has now been documented from the islands, based upon 5 collections from the island of Kaua‘i. The species is native from southern USA to Mexico.

(1)Herbst, D. R. and W.D. Clayton. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

3.02

Weedy within native range (1)Reseeds freely which can create a maintenance burden in small gardens. (2)Can invasively self-seed in optimum growing conditions. (3)Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus is weedy and grows in disturbed, wet or moist sites. It is abundant and widespread, extending from the southern United States through Central America to northern South America.

(1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (2)http://www.mobot.org/GARDENINGHELP/PLANTFINDER/Plant.asp?code=V260 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (3)http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Andropogon.htm [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/andropogon_glomeratus/ [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

3.04

(1)Listed as an environmental weed, but no evidence of impacts found

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/andropogon_glomeratus/ [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

3.05

(1)Andropogon virginicus…On Hawaii, it forms dense stands in bogs, open mesic areas and dry habitats.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK.

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.04

(1)forage (2)Browse for deer, bison and antelope. (3)Livestock: Although it rates low as a forage grass, bushy beardgrass can be used as forage during the summer, fall, and winter months; however, it is more palatable during the early spring. The palatability is increased after a late winter burning.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (3)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_angl2.pdf [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

4.05

No evidence (1)forage (2)Browse for deer, bison and antelope.

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

4.06

(1)No serious insect or disease problems.

(1)http://www.mobot.org/GARDENINGHELP/PLANTFINDER/Plant.asp?code=V260 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

4.07

Possibly (1)NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AEROALLERGENIC PLANTS…[list includes Andropogon glomeratus]

(1)http://www.incaudomd.com/pdfs/aeroallergenic_plants.pdf [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

4.08

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (2)Light Requirement: Sun (3)Sunlight: Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55431/ [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (3)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/A/Andropogon_glomeratus/ [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

4.10

(1)Native Habitat: Frequent in moist areas. Sand, clay, loam; Poor drainage all right. Low, moist sites. (2)pH Range: 5.5 to 6.5 Soil Range: Loam to Some Clay Water Range: Normal to Boggy

(1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (2)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_a1b0.html [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

4.11

(1)caespitose, erect and robust, tussock or clump forming

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.12

Although reference 1 mentions A. glomeratus, recent literature indicates that past references to this species were misidentifications. (1)Smith (1985) identified eight species of alien weeds in Hawaii as "fire-enhancers" - species that increase the areal extent or intensity of fires in areas where they are established. The most spectacular example involved broomsedge (Andropogon glomeratus) and bush beardgrass (Schizachyrium condensatum), both of which form dense, nearly complete canopies in seasonally dry areas after the removal of feral goats (Capra hircus). (2)Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees has consistently been misidentified in the Hawaiian Islands as A. glomeratus. The true A. glomeratus has now been documented from the islands, based upon 5 collections from the island of Kaua‘i. The species is native from southern USA to Mexico.

(1)Herbst, D. R. and W.D. Clayton. 1998. Notes on the grasses of Hawai‘i: new records, corrections, and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 55:17-38.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial [although can occur in wet areas]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

(1)Not a geophyte

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

6.02

(1)Fruit a minute grain

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

6.03

(1)In a mixed population of Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus and A. longiberbis in Lake County, Florida, there were six individuals morphologically intermediate between and less fertile than these two taxa.

(1)Campbell, C.S. 1982. Hybridization Between Andropogon glomeratus Var. pumilus and A. longiberbis (Gramineae) in Central Florida. Brittonia 34(2): 146-150.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)The reduced flowers are anemophilous [Poaceae]

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means (1)Description: Propagate by seed or division. Can become root-bound fast, and tall plants fall over, especially in wind. Divisions work well too. (2)Vegetative Spread Rate: None

(1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ANGL2 [Accessed 06 Oct 2008] (2)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/A/Andropogon_glomeratus/ [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

6.07

(1)Andropogon glomeratus is a perennial. [plants probably flower in second or third year]

(1)http://www.plant-supplies.com/plants/andropogonglomeratus.htm [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

7.01

(1)No means of external attachment

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Landscapes. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.02

(1)grown for its attractive foliage

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

7.03

(1)potential seed contaminant (2)The dry seed stalks remain mostly intact through winter and make attractive cut material. [seeds can be dispersed in dry arrangements]

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Landscapes. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.04

(1)Andropogon glomeratus…Dispersal Mechanism: Wind [Appendix]

(1)Cain, M.L., H. Damman and A. Muir. 1998. Seed Dispersal and the Holocene Migration of Woodland Herbs. Ecological Monographs 68(3): 325-347.

7.05

Distribution around waterways suggests seeds can be dispersed by water (1)typically occurs in moist soils in swamp peripheries and margins, lake and pond margins, marshes, pastures, depression wetlands and disturbed upland sites, low spots and coastal areas, wet ditches, disturbed wet areas, road banks, bogs, abundant in seasonal ponds and swales of pine flatwoods

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

7.06

(1)Wildlife: Bushy beardgrass benefits wildlife. The finch, junco, and tree sparrow eat the seeds.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_angl2.pdf [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

7.07

(1)No means of external attachment

(1)Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC world dictionary of grasses: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. (2)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Landscapes. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.08

Unknown

8.01

Probably yes - a grass with relatively small seeds (1)GLUMES Glumes dissimilar; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than fertile lemma. Lower glume lanceolate; 1 length of spikelet; membranous; 2-keeled; keeled laterally. Lower glume intercarinal veins absent. Lower glume surface concave. Upper glume lanceolate; membranous; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins absent. Upper glume muticous. FLORETS Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; hyaline. Fertile lemma lanceolate; hyaline; without keel. Lemma apex lobed; 2 -fid; awned; 1 -awned. Principal lemma awn from a sinus; straight; 10–20 mm long overall. Palea absent or minute.

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2002 onwards). World Grass Species: Descriptions, Identification, and Information Retrieval. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 07 October 2008]

8.02

Unknown how long seeds persist in soil (1)Seed germination is best when first stored at room temperature for 7-14 months.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_angl2.pdf [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

8.03

(1)2,4-D Dicamba Picloram..."Little or no effect is gained from treatments" for A. glomeratus

(1)USDA Weed Control Compendium. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/weeds/Publications/USDACompendium.htm [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

8.04

(1)Overgrazing bushy beardgrass results in an increase of this plant. However, if bushy beardgrass becomes weedy, then burning or mowing is recommended.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_angl2.pdf [Accessed 06 Oct 2008]

8.05

Unknown