Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Alstonia scholaris


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 3


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Family - Apocynaceae. Common Names(s) - Scholar tree, White cheesewood, Indian devil tree. Synonym(s) - Echites scholaris Linnaeus.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)A. scholaris is a species of hot humid and warm humid climatic zones with mean annual rainfall usually in the range of 1100 to 3800 mm. (2)White cheesewood has a wide distribution in Queensland ranging from near Sarina to Thursday Island…The species is also widespread in New Guinea, South-east Asia, India and Sri Lanka.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Boland, D.J., M. I. H. Brooker, G. M. Chippendale, M. W. McDonald, N. Hall, B. p. m. Hyland. 2006. Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

2.02

(1)A. scholaris is a species of hot humid and warm humid climatic zones with mean annual rainfall usually in the range of 1100 to 3800 mm.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)The topography in which A. scholaris is found varies from lowlands and foothills to uplands and on coral (Solomon Islands' Ministry of Natural Resources, 1976). It occurs from near sea level to 1000 m (Rudjiman et al., 1993). On steep slopes there may be much surface rock. Some lowlands consist of old beach ridges bordering mangroves (Tracey, 1982). [borderline environmental versatility, fairly broad elevational range] (2)Zones 10-11

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide To Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.04

(1)A. scholaris is a species of hot humid and warm humid climatic zones with mean annual rainfall usually in the range of 1100 to 3800 mm. (2)White cheesewood has a wide distribution in Queensland ranging from near Sarina to Thursday Island…The species is also widespread in New Guinea, South-east Asia, India and Sri Lanka.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Boland, D.J., M. I. H. Brooker, G. M. Chippendale, M. W. McDonald, N. Hall, B. p. m. Hyland. 2006. Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

2.05

(1)USA planted; California planted; Florida planted; Taiwan planted; West Bengal planted

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)Alstonia scholaris R. Br. DEVIL'S TREE. India. Proliferating from seed at USDA Subtropical Horticulture Research Unit, Miami. (2)naturalized elsewhere (3)Escaped from cultivation

(1)Morton, J. F. 1976. PESTIFEROUS SPREAD OF MANY ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT SPECIES IN SOUTH FLORIDA. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 89: 348-353. (2)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?2688 (18 February 2010) (3)Wunderlin, R. P. and B. F. Hansen. 2003. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, Second Edition. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, FL.

3.02

(1)Both species invade hammocks, pinelands, and disturbed sites; leaves are reportedly toxic to eat; [refers to both Alstonia scholaris and A. macrophylla]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/alstonia_scholaris/ [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/alstonia_scholaris/ [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/alstonia_scholaris/ [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

3.05

(1)A. constricta listed as weed, but with no documentation of impacts.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/alstonia_constricta/ [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

4.01

(1)A. scholaris is a medium to large tree to about 40 m high and 125 cm dbh, with corky grey, grey-white bark, somewhat tessellated. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m, tapering and somewhat twisted. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in colour with an abundant, milky exudate (latex) that flows rapidly when cut. The crown is narrow domed, deep and dense, or eventually diffuse with large spreading limbs, small in relation to size of the bole. It is described by Francis (1970), Markgraf (1974), Boland et al. (1984), Williams (1984), Forster (1992), Rudjiman et al. (1993), Doran and Turnbull (1997), Hyland and Whiffin (1993) and in many other texts.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1)In its natural range in Australia, it is a dominant canopy species found in coastal mesophyll vine forest with a canopy height of 35-42 m, in palm-dominated forests and in notophyll vine forests, associated with Argyrodendron peralatum, Castanospermum australe and Cerapetalum sucirubrum. [no evidence, and co-occurs with other species]

(1)Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)

4.03

(1)A. scholaris is a medium to large tree to about 40 m high and 125 cm dbh, with corky grey, grey-white bark, somewhat tessellated. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m, tapering and somewhat twisted. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in colour with an abundant, milky exudate (latex) that flows rapidly when cut. The crown is narrow domed, deep and dense, or eventually diffuse with large spreading limbs, small in relation to size of the bole. It is described by Francis (1970), Markgraf (1974), Boland et al. (1984), Williams (1984), Forster (1992), Rudjiman et al. (1993), Doran and Turnbull (1997), Hyland and Whiffin (1993) and in many other texts.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.04

(1)It is interesting that the goats eat Alstonia, the milky pine, which has a whitish sap containing an alkaloid, which is very bitter to the human taste [but see reference by Sahni 1998] (2)The tree is shunned by animals because of its poisonous nature and hence the name Devil's tree [contradicts reference by Dunson 1974.

(1)Dunson, W. A. 1974. Some aspects of salt and water balance of feral goats from arid islands. American Journal of Physiology 226(3): 662-669. (2)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

4.05

(1)The tree is shunned by animals because of its poisonous nature and hence the name Devil's tree

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

4.06

(1)A leaf skeletonizer, Parotis marginata Hmps. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) causes significant damage to nursery stock and young plantations of A. scholaris in Bangladesh (Ahmed et al., 1974). The timber is liable to termite, pinhole borer (or ambrosia beetles [Scolytidae and Platypodidae]) and marine borer attack (Keating and Bolza, 1982; Sukartana, 1996). The sapwood is highly susceptible to lyctid borer attack (Lyctus spp., Coleoptera, Lyctidae) (Bootle, 1983). The wood is very susceptible to blue-stain; rapid drying combined with dipping will minimize discoloration (Keating and Bolza, 1982). Pests recorded Insects: Ceroplastes rubens (red wax scale) Parotis marginata [1] ---------------- Footnotes: 1. A leaf skeletonizer which has caused significant damage in Bangladesh. [no evidence that it is an important alternative host for other commercially important species]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.07

(1)Food: The latex provides a good quality chewing gum…Medicine: Australian aborigines used the bark for treatment of abdominal pains and fevers, the latex for neuralgia and toothache. In India, the bark is used to treat bowel complaints and has proved a valuable remedy for chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery. Leaves used for treating beriberi, dropsy and congested liver. [various medicinal uses with no indication of toxicity or allergic reactions] (2)Danger: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested

(1)Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp) (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/100620/ [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

4.08

(1)…occurs in wetter forests of India. [unlikely, given wet forest habitat]

(1)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

4.09

(1) It does best in full sunlight (Holmes, 1954). (2)Full to part sun

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide To Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.10

(1)Soil descriptors - Soil texture: medium - Soil drainage: free; impeded - Soil reaction: acid; alkaline - Special soil tolerances: shallow - Soil types: alluvial soils; lateritic soils; red soils; volcanic soils (2)Soils vary from skeletal to deep well-drained loams on basalt, granite, metamorphic rocks, alluvium and lateritic outcrops.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Boland, D.J., M. I. H. Brooker, G. M. Chippendale, M. W. McDonald, N. Hall, B. p. m. Hyland. 2006. Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

4.11

(1)A. scholaris is a medium to large tree to about 40 m high and 125 cm dbh, with corky grey, grey-white bark, somewhat tessellated. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m, tapering and somewhat twisted. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in colour with an abundant, milky exudate (latex) that flows rapidly when cut. The crown is narrow domed, deep and dense, or eventually diffuse with large spreading limbs, small in relation to size of the bole. It is described by Francis (1970), Markgraf (1974), Boland et al. (1984), Williams (1984), Forster (1992), Rudjiman et al. (1993), Doran and Turnbull (1997), Hyland and Whiffin (1993) and in many other texts.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

(1)Apocynaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

(1)Apocynaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

(1)A. scholaris is a medium to large tree to about 40 m high and 125 cm dbh, with corky grey, grey-white bark, somewhat tessellated. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m, tapering and somewhat twisted. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in colour with an abundant, milky exudate (latex) that flows rapidly when cut. The crown is narrow domed, deep and dense, or eventually diffuse with large spreading limbs, small in relation to size of the bole. It is described by Francis (1970), Markgraf (1974), Boland et al. (1984), Williams (1984), Forster (1992), Rudjiman et al. (1993), Doran and Turnbull (1997), Hyland and Whiffin (1993) and in many other texts.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Self seeding

(1)Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide To Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

6.05

(1)Pollination is by insects such as bees and butterflies (Rudjiman et al., 1993). (2)Pollination is by insects; when flowering, butterflies and bees often surround trees.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)

6.06

(1)Propagation of A. scholaris is mainly by seed which dehisces naturally from the mature follicles on drying (Joseph, 1961). (2)Table I. Composition and types of regenerating tree species in Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong [indicates that A. scholaris regenerates by coppice, root-suckers]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Misbahuzzaman, K. and M. J. Alam. 2006. Ecological Restoration of Rainforest Through Aided Natural Regeneration in the Denuded Hills of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8(6): 778-782.

6.07

(1)The species reached an average height of 3.6 m and diameter of 10 cm at 3.5 years in mixed species, social forestry plantings in West Bengal, India. This performance was considered poor amongst the various species tested (Nath et al., 1989). In plantations in Taiwan, A. scholaris reached an average of 23.5 m in height and 51 cm dbh in 18 years. A maximum of 35 m in height and 109 cm dbh was attained at 41 years of age (Shen-Cheng, 1983). (2)Height at Maturity - 15-20ft [4.5 - 6 m] (3)Table 1 Average Height growth (m per year) of tree species planted in different regions of north Queensland [Alstonia scholaris = 0.69 m/year. Based on growth rate and height at reproductive maturit

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.amrita.edu/ces/tree-database/tree-a.html [Accessed 18 Feb 2010] (3)Annandale, M. 2001. Forestry plantations on private lands: early growth rates encouraging. Queensland Forestry Research. http://www.jcu.edu.au/rainforest/infosheets/forestry_plantations.pdf [Accessed 18 Feb 2010]

7.01

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed. [no evidence, and no means of external attachment] (2)The ciliated seeds fly away to great distances and germinate only in moist places under favorable conditions.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

7.02

(1)Descriptors: amenity; ornamental

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed. [no evidence of produce contamination] (2)The ciliated seeds fly away to great distances and germinate only in moist places under favorable conditions.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

7.04

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed. (2)The ciliated seeds fly away to great distances and germinate only in moist places under favorable conditions.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

7.05

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed. (2)The ciliated seeds fly away to great distances and germinate only in moist places under favorable conditions.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

7.06

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.07

(1)The fruit is a pendulous, two-lobed dry-dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm diameter, each containing numerous flat, oblong brown seeds, 4-5 mm by 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end (Forster, 1992)...The seed of A. scholaris does not taper to a point at either end in contrast to the seed of several of its close relatives (Hyland and Whiffin, 1993). It is wind dispersed. [No indication that hairs enable seeds to adhere to animals externally] (2)The ciliated seeds fly away to great distances and germinate only in moist places under favorable conditions.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

7.08

Unknown [no evidence of ingestion]

 

8.01

(1)Alstonia scholaris is a medium to large tree, to about 40 m high…The inflorescence is a much-branched terminal panicle, up to 120 cm

long; flowers 7-10 mm long white, cream or green; the tube hairy; lobes sparsely or densely pubescent, 1.5-4 mm long, the left margins overlapping; strongly perfumed. Fruit a pendulous, two-lobed, dehiscent follicle, brown or green, dry or woody, spindle-shaped, 15-32 cm long, 4-6 mm in diameter, containing numerous flat, oblong, brown seeds, 4-5 x 0.9-1.2 mm, with a tuft of hairs 7-13 mm long at each end. The seed does not taper to a point at either end...There are approximately 357 000 seeds/kg. [seed densities unknown. However, it may be possible for large trees to produce high seed densities]

(1)Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R , Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)

8.02

(1)Storage life of seed is unknown but may be as brief as two months (Rudjiman et al., 1993). (2)Seed longevity: very short-lived

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

8.03

No information on success rate of control efforts. (1)Treatment: Basal bark application of 10% Garlon 4 or cut stump application of 50% Garlon 3A.

(1)Langeland, K.A. and R.K. Stocker. 2001. Control of Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida. SP 242. Department of Agronomy, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

8.04

(1)- Ability to coppice; pollard (2)Stump planting: The stumps are prepared from 12-month-old seedlings. The stumps should have 10-15 cm of shoot and 20-30 cm of roots. (3)Table I. Composition and types of regenerating tree species in Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong [indicates that A. scholaris regenerates by coppice, root-suckers]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhat, D. M., N. H. Ravindranath, and V. S. Swamy. 2004. Nursery Manual for Forest Tree Species. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India. (3)Misbahuzzaman, K. and M. J. Alam. 2006. Ecological Restoration of Rainforest Through Aided Natural Regeneration in the Denuded Hills of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 8(6): 778-782.

8.05

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