Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 8
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Acacia mangium (brown salwood, Mangium, Mangium wattle, mange, forest mangrove ) | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | ||
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | ||
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | y | 1 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | y | 1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | ||
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | y | 1 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | y | 1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | y | 1 |
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | y | -1 |
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 8 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | ||
| 1.03 | ||
| 2.01 | (1)"In Australia, A. mangium species is found only in northern Queensland where it has a very limited distribution in two regions; from Jardine River (11º20'S) to Claudie River (12º44'S) and from Ayton (15º54'S) to south of Ingham (18º30'S). Most occurrences are in the coastal, tropical lowlands with an altitudinal range mainly from near sea level to 300m with small occurrences up to 800m. It extends through the Western Province of Papua New Guinea into the Indonesian provinces of Irian Jaya (Merauke District and Vogelkop Peninsula) and Maluku (Sula, Ceram and the Aru Islands)." (2)Acacia mangium is a vigorous species which occurs natually in the humid tropical lowlands of northeastern Australia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.' | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)Liang, S. B. 1987. Research on Acacia mangium in Sabah: A Review. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16.Pgs 157- 159 |
| 2.02 | "Location of Introductions - Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 2.03 | "Altitude range: 0 - 800 m. Latitude between 1oS and 18oS. | |
| 2.04 | (1)"In Australia, A. mangium species is found only in northern Queensland where it has a very limited distribution in two regions; from Jardine River (11º20'S) to Claudie River (12º44'S) and from Ayton (15º54'S) to south of Ingham (18º30'S). Most occurrences are in the coastal, tropical lowlands with an altitudinal range mainly from near sea level to 300m with small occurrences up to 800m. It extends through the Western Province of Papua New Guinea into the Indonesian provinces of Irian Jaya (Merauke District and Vogelkop Peninsula) and Maluku (Sula, Ceram and the Aru Islands)." (2)Acacia mangium is a vigorous species which occurs natually in the humid tropical lowlands of northeastern Australia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.' | (1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)Liang, S. B. 1987. Research on Acacia mangium in Sabah: A Review. In Australian Acacias in developing countries, Ed J. Turnbull. ACIAR proceedings # 16.Pgs 157- 159 |
| 2.05 | "Location of Introductions - Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America." | Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 3.01 | (1)"A small amount of planting on Saipan. One isolated individual naturalized seedling was noted on disturbed soil. On Pohnpei, a patch of naturalized seedlings without a local seed source was noted. Should be monitored for naturalization and spread. Spreading from an old species trial on Yap. Reported as invasive in Sabah and Africa. Reported to be invasive on Melville Island, Australia." (2)"The species has been plantedthroughout the humid tropics (Centro Agronómico Tropicalde Investigación y Enseñanza 1992, Szott 1995, Turnbull1986). It has naturalized in Puerto Rico (Francis and Liogier1991), Brazil, and many other areas." |
(1)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/acacia_mangium.htm
(2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:DEg-4NVKWBkJ: www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/Acacia%2520mangium.pdf/file+%22Acacia+mangium%22 +naturalize%7Cnaturalized&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 |
| 3.02 | "There has been some concern about the weedy nature of Acacia mangium and its potential to become an invasive species. Its ability to rapidly colonize roadsides, abandoned, degraded or open areas and marginal lands is well known, and like its close relative Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium is now a common feature of the landscape in Malaysia and many other Southeast Asian countries. As a result, some sources have described A. mangium as an alien weed and invasive species, believing that it will diminish the rejuvenation potential of the original biota and invade highland secondary forests and rain forests (Certified Source Timber Programme, 2004). However, to date there are no data to support these predictions. ... Furthermore, A. mangium plantations have been located in natural forests in Malaysia, yet there have been no incidences where the species has been found to invade undisturbed sites." | http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e10.htm |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | "There has been some concern about the weedy nature of Acacia mangium and its potential to become an invasive species. Its ability to rapidly colonize roadsides, abandoned, degraded or open areas and marginal lands is well known, and like its close relative Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium is now a common feature of the landscape in Malaysia and many other Southeast Asian countries. As a result, some sources have described A. mangium as an alien weed and invasive species, believing that it will diminish the rejuvenation potential of the original biota and invade highland secondary forests and rain forests (Certified Source Timber Programme, 2004). However, to date there are no data to support these predictions. ... Furthermore, A. mangium plantations have been located in natural forests in Malaysia, yet there have been no incidences where the species has been found to invade undisturbed sites." | http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5507e/y5507e10.htm |
| 3.05 |