Zinnia peruviana (L.) L., Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Chrysogonum peruvianum L.; Zinnia multiflora L.; Zinnia pauciflora L.

Common name(s): [more details]

English: field zinnia, Peruvian zinnia, wild zinnia

Hawaiian: puapihi

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Erect annuals, simple or sparsely branched, commonly 20-50 cm. tall, the stems slender or stout, strigose, often becoming purplish; leaves sessile, broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate or elliptic, mostly 3-8 cm. long, the margins entire, acute or acuminate, rounded at the base and more or less clasping, thinly scabrous on both surfaces, glandular-punctate; peduncles short or elongated, slender or inflated distally; heads solitary; involucres campanulate; phyllaries obovate, essentially glabrous, rounded at the apex and usually dark-marginate, entire or erose, often ciliate; receptacles convex to conical; pales glabrous, obtuse or rounded at the apex, erose, often red, purple, or black near the apex, yellowish below; ray flowers 6-15, the ligules 0.8-2.5 cm. long, entire, usually brick-red or purplish red, sometimes yellow or orange; ray achenes linear-oblanceolate or oblong, stria te, sericeous, 9-10 mm. long; pappus awns wanting, but achenes sometimes crowned by 2 low tufts of hairs; disc flowers usually numerous, the tube yellow, the lobes yellow within but purplish to black outside; disc achenes oblong, triquetrous to compressed, striate, ciliolate, 7-9 mm. long; pappus a single awn at the apex (or achenes rarely with 2 unequal awns)"  (Nash & Williams, 1976; p. 359-360).

"Annual herbs 2-9 dm tall, strigose to hirsute.  Leaves narrowly lanceolate to broadly ovate or elliptic, usually 3-7 cm long, 0.6-3 cm wide, base cuneate to truncate, subsessile.  At least the central peduncles often inflated below the heads, rays usually maroon, sometimes burnt orange, rusty red, scarlet, or yellow, obovate, 8-25 mm long; disk corollas purple to blackish toward apex, ca. 4 mm long; pappus of disk achenes with 1 prominent awn, that of ray achenes awnless or with low tufts of hairs.  Ray achenes 9-10 mm long, disk achenes 7-9 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 379).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation, relatively dry, disturbed sites" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 379).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Native from southeastern Arizona and Mexico south to Peru and Argentina and the West Indies" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 379).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) Collected in survey, herbarium record pending.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2002) (p. 6) Voucher cited: E. Funk s.n. (BISH 662876)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 379)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 379) Voucher cited: Lyon s.n. (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2002) (p. 6) Voucher cited: F.R. Fosberg 29558 (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 390)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 8)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	Nash, Dorothy L./Williams, Louis O. (1976) (pp. 359-360)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Zinnia peruviana is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Zinnia peruviana as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Zinnia peruviana may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Haselwood, E. L./Motter, G. G. 1983. Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. Second edition, revised and expanded by Robert T. Hirano. University of Hawaii Press. 491 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Nash, Dorothy L./Williams, Louis O. 1976. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Botany. Vol. 24, Part XII. Chicago Natural History Museum. 603 pp.

Queensland Herbarium. 2002. Invasive Naturalised Plants in Southeast Queensland, alphabetical by genus. Modified from: Batianoff, George N. and Butler, Don W. (2002). Assessment of Invasive naturalized plants in south-east Queensland. Appendix. Plant Protection Quarterly 17, 27-34. 11 pp.

Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. 2002. New Hawaiian plant records for 2000. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 68:3-18.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).