Waltheria indica L., Sterculiaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Waltheria americana L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: escobilla sabana

English: boater bush, buff coat, leather coat, monkey bush, sleepy morning, velvet leaf, waltheria

Hawaiian: ‘ala‘ala pū loa, hala ‘uhaloa, hi‘aloa, kanakaloa, ‘uhaloa

Mangarevan: kovai iva

Marquesan: kaepu, puehu, puehu, puepu, puepu, pu‘unehu

Spanish: basora prieta, escobillo blanco, guimauve, hierba del soldado, malvavisco, mauve-gris

Tahitian: apeie

Tuamotuan: mire

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Subshrubs 6-20 dm tall; stems rather rigid, erect to sometimes decumbent, velvety tomentose throughout, the hairs stellate.  Leaves rugose, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-15.5 cm long, 1-6 cm wide, tomentose with stellate hairs, lower surface paler, apex rounded, sometimes obtuse, base rounded to subcordate, petioles 0.5-4.5 cm long.  Flowers fragrant, in axillary, sessile or pedunculate glomerules, bracts linear; calyx strongly ribbed, ca. 3-5 mm long, villous; petals yellow, spatulate, 4-6 mm long; style bearded.  Capsules obliquely globose, 2.5-3 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, occurring in dry, often disturbed sites, 0-1,220 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).  In Fiji, "from near sea level to an elevation of about 900 m along roadsides, in waste places, plantations, and cane field, and on grass- and reed-covered slopes" (Smith, 1981; pp. 394-395).  "A weed of cultivation that is scattered around Niue although nowhere common" (Sykes, 1970; p. 204).  "Rare in dry, disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 37).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Apparently indigenous to Hawai‘i (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).  "A now ubiquitous pantropical weed, presumably American in origin but very early spreading to the Old World.  It was probably carried into southern Pacific archipelagoes by early European voyagers, although possibly it was an inadvertent aboriginal introduction." (Smith, 1981; pp. 394-395).  "Probably an early European introduction to Western Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 37).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (Rapa Nui Island) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (p. 47)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 47)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: Seemann 36
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: U.S. Expl. Exped.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Vouchers cited: H.B.R. Parham 2, DA 11781, DA 10469
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1015
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 232, DA 10296, Smith 4558, DA 2816
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 93)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: Grant 4850
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Sachet 950 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: BRY 26338a
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 63776 (US), Raynal 18010 (P)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: Grant 4850
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Grant 4850 (BISH)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 35)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Sachet 2057 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 424) Voucher cited: Stone 3799 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 169)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lehua Island	native	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Flynn et al. 4851 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood 11544 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 27)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 17-18) Not seen after 1949. Vouchers cited: Fosberg 30875 (US), Luomala 2, Clapp P-71-30 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 11) Voucher: Imada 2003-18 (BISH 697633)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 42)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 200-201) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58668 (US), Scully 112N (US), Thaman & Manner 5 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 109a (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22301 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9599 (BRIU)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 204) Vouchers cited: CHR 168667, CHR 168654, CHR 168650
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) Voucher: Flynn 6701 (PTBG)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 48)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37) Uncommon per Whistler.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Soakai 295 (Hihifo), Whistler 6661
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Soakai 661
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Soakai 1003 (EI), Sykes 189, Whistler 6517
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Buelow 2126, Whistler 6307
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Crosby 8
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 186) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 29)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 58)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 386)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 5) "One specimen".
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 386)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 138)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast and Florida) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Waltheria indica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Waltheria indica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Waltheria indica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Other Latin names:  Waltheria americana L.

References:

Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. 1976. The natural history of Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 192. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 479 pp.

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. 1983. List of the recorded vascular flora of Agalega. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lamberson, J. O. 1982. A guide to terrestrial plants of Enewetak Atoll. Pacific Science Information Center, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

Orapa, Warea. 2005. Warea Orapa, Weed Mangement Officer, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, pers. com. (Trip Report, Solomon Islands, 19 April to 10 May, 2005).

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Geography and land ecology of Clipperton Island. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 86. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 115 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Natural history of Mopelia Atoll, Society Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reserch Bulletin 274. 37 pp.

Sachet, M.-H. 1983. Botanique de l'ile de Tupai, Iles de la Societe. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 276. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 26 pp. + photos.

Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. 1983. An ecological reconnaissance of Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 275. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 67 pp. + photos.

Smith, Albert C. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 2. 810 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern.  USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 103 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Tassin, Jacques. 2005. Jacques Tassin (IAC-CIRAD), personal communication.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

Topp, J. M. W. 1988. An annotated check list of the flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocean Territory. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 313. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 21 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.

Whistler, W. A. 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical Paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 69 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1992. Flora of Tonga [unpublished checklist]. 107 pp.

Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya. 2006. An annotated checklist and new island records of flowering plants from Lehua Islet, Ni‘ihau, Hawai‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:19-29.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.