Waltheria indica L., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Waltheria americana L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: escobilla sabana

English: boater bush, buff coat, leather coat, monkey bush, sleepy morning, velvet leaf, waltheria

French: mauve-gris

Hawaiian: ‘ala‘ala pū loa, hala ‘uhaloa, hi‘aloa, kanakaloa, ‘uhaloa

Mangarevan: kavai iva, kovai iva

Marquesan: kaepu, puehu, puehu, puepu, puepu, pu‘unehu

Spanish: basora prieta, escobillo blanco, guimauve, hierba del soldado, malvavisco

Tahitian: apeie

Tuamotuan: mire

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Subshrubs 6-20 dm tall; stems rather rigid, erect to sometimes decumbent, velvety tomentose throughout, the hairs stellate.  Leaves rugose, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 2-15.5 cm long, 1-6 cm wide, tomentose with stellate hairs, lower surface paler, apex rounded, sometimes obtuse, base rounded to subcordate, petioles 0.5-4.5 cm long.  Flowers fragrant, in axillary, sessile or pedunculate glomerules, bracts linear; calyx strongly ribbed, ca. 3-5 mm long, villous; petals yellow, spatulate, 4-6 mm long; style bearded.  Capsules obliquely globose, 2.5-3 mm long" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).

Habitat/ecology:  "Grows in disturbed dry and well drained, moist habitat. In Puerto Rico, the species occupies areas that receive from 750 to about 1800 mm of annual precipitation from near sea level to more than 400 m of elevation. The species grows on sites up to 1,220 m in elevation in Hawaii (University of Hawaii 2001). It colonized a wide variety of soils in areas with igneous, metamorphic (including ultramafics) and sedimentary (including limestone) rocks. The species may be found on old fields, construction sites, roadsides, burned forest and grasslands, and stream overflow areas in Puerto Rico. In Florida, it grows in open pinelands, hammocks, and disturbed sites (Long and Lakela 1976). It is intolerant of shade and will not survive under a closed tree canopy and cannot compete with grass in dense swards. It withstands drought, salt spray, and mildly salty soils"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

In Hawai‘i, occurring in dry, often disturbed sites, 0-1,220 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).  In Fiji, "from near sea level to an elevation of about 900 m along roadsides, in waste places, plantations, and cane field, and on grass- and reed-covered slopes" (Smith, 1981; pp. 394-395).  "A weed of cultivation that is scattered around Niue although nowhere common" (Sykes, 1970; p. 204).  "Rare in dry, disturbed places" (Whistler, 1988; p. 37).

Propagation:  Seed.  "The seeds are disbursed by water, agricultural equipment (Sánchez and Uranga 1993), and grazing animals"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Native range:  Apparently indigenous to Hawai‘i (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1280).  "A now ubiquitous pantropical weed, presumably American in origin but very early spreading to the Old World.  It was probably carried into southern Pacific archipelagoes by early European voyagers, although possibly it was an inadvertent aboriginal introduction." (Smith, 1981; pp. 394-395).  "Probably an early European introduction to Western Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 37).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (p. 47)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 47)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: Seemann 36
Fiji Fiji Islands	Oneata Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: U.S. Expl. Exped.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Vouchers cited: H.B.R. Parham 2, DA 11781, DA 10469
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1015
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 394-395) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 232, DA 10296, Smith 4558, DA 2816
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 93)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 19) Voucher cited: St. John 14568 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Thibault 1002 (PAP), J.-C. Thibault 1031 (PAP), J.-C. Thibault 1040 (PAP), J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9328 (PAP), S.P. Perlman & J. Florence 10038 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 9274) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Thibault 1113 (PAP), J.-C. Thibault 1123 (PAP), S.P. Perlman 10073 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8293) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6949 (PAP), J. Florence 8444 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: R.L. Oliver & P.A. Schäfer 3062 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: K.R. Wood, S.P. Perlman, J.-Y. Meyer & L. Teatiu 6411 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 28587) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	native	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: Grant 4850
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: C.L. Cartier 137 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Sachet 950 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: BRY 26338a
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2279 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 61058 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 63776 (US), Raynal 18010 (P)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3264 (PAP), J. Raynal 18010 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 278) Voucher cited: Grant 4850
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Grant 4850 (BISH)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Ana‘a Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Fangataufa (Ahunui) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Jolinon 1271 (PAP), J.-C. Jolinon 1308 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2990 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Manihi Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10109 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1339 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 35)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Fourdrigniez, Marie (2008) (p. 15) Adventice d'introduction polynésienne.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Sachet 2057 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7001 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10227 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 265-267)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 424) Voucher cited: Stone 3799 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 169)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 48196) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica L.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau, Lehua Islet	native	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: Flynn et al. 4851 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood 11544 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 27)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (pp. 17-18) Not seen after 1949. Vouchers cited: Fosberg 30875 (US), Luomala 2, Clapp P-71-30 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 11) Voucher: Imada 2003-18 (BISH 697633)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39902) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica L.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 42)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 200-201) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58668 (US), Scully 112N (US), Thaman & Manner 5 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 109a (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22301 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9599 (BRIU)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 204) Vouchers cited: CHR 168667, CHR 168654, CHR 168650
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) Voucher: Flynn 6701 (PTBG, US, NIUE)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 48)
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 30203) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37) Uncommon per Whistler.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Soakai 295 (Hihifo), Whistler 6661
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Soakai 661
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Soakai 1003 (EI), Sykes 189, Whistler 6517
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Vouchers cited: Buelow 2126, Whistler 6307
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 76) Voucher cited: Crosby 8
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 186) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 29)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Johnston Atoll	Johnston Island	introduced invasive	Amerson, A. Binion, Jr./Shelton, Philip C. (1976) (p. 58)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1280)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 97)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 90) Weed of uncertain origin
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 386)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 5) "One specimen".
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 30)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 38069) Taxon name on voucher: Waltheria indica L.
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 386)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 138)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	native	Francis, John K., ed. (2009)

Additional information:
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Waltheria indica is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Waltheria indica as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Waltheria indica may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

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