Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh., Fabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 9 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: zhai ye ye wan dou

English: black-pod vetch, common vetch, narrow-leaf vetch, spring vetch

Spanish: averijilla

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Climbing annual herbs up to 8 dm long, pubescent.  Leaflets 6-16, opposite, linear, lanceolate to oblong or obcordate, 6-20 (-30) mm long, (1-) 4-12 mm wide, pubescent, apex acute to emarginate and mucronate, stipules ovate-acuminate, 3-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, with a purple nectary, usually with a dentate lateral lobe sometimes longer than the main body.  Flowers axillary, 1-2 (-4) in condensed racemes; calyx teeth subequal, shorter to longer than the tube, lower 3 teeth with a conspicuous yellowish brown nectary; corolla reddish purple, 10-30 mm long, standard usually paler than wings and keel; style dorsoventrally flattened, bearded below the stigma along the abaxial side, apex encircled by hairs.  Pods brown to nearly black, oblong, (25-) 35-80 mm long, 4-12 mm wide, not stipitate.  Seeds subglobose to lenticular, 2.5-5 mm in diameter, hilum extending 1/6-1/5 of the circumference" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 717).

Subspecies nigra is characterized by "linear leaflets 1.5-6.5 mm wide, corollas 10-18 mm long, pods 4.5-6 mm wide, and seeds 2.5-4 mm in diameter".
Subspecies sativa is characterized by "obovate leaflets 6-12 mm wide, corollas 18-30 mm long, pods 6-11 mm wide, and seeds 4-5 mm in diameter" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 717).

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized primarily in dry to moist pastures, 860-2,130 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 717).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Europe, commonly introduced as a fodder plant (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 717).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 206) subsp. angustifolius
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 19) "Locally common on grassy roadsides, etc.". Vouchers cited: A.N. Rodd 1213 (K, NSW), R.D. Hoogland 8721 (CANB, NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "Locally common on grassy roadsides, etc.". Vouchers cited: P.S. Green 1393 (A); G. Uhe 1198 (K); P.Ralston 65 (A, K); 1898, I. Robinson (NSW)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 501, 547, 558) Voucher cited: Danton I(5/300)1645. "En RC, la encontramos en el pueblo de San Juan Bautista.  Su introducción reciente, probablemente unida a las importaciones constantes de ganado y de forraje, probablemente abre para ella un rico porvenir en la isla y sin duda a mediano plazo en el Archipiélago".
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 717-718) Voucher cited: Rock s. n. (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R. (2007) (p. 15) Voucher cited: K.R. Wood & D. Boynton 11915 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 717-718) East Maui
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim (2011) (p. 32) East Maui. Voucher cited: Starr & Starr 090504-06 (BISH)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 699) "Waste places, grassland, coastal sites, gardens, forest margins, palustral".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 450)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Cultivated and possibly naturalized, forests, hedges, hill slopes, grasslands, dry pastures, creek banks, farms, orchards, fields, cultivated land, margins of cultivation, wastelands, roadsides; sea level to 3000 m".
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 155) Vicia sativa L. Green manure, forage.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 699) "Waste places, grassland, coastal sites, gardens, forest margins, palustral".
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Cultivated and possibly naturalized, forests, hedges, hill slopes, grasslands, dry pastures, creek banks, farms, orchards, fields, cultivated land, margins of cultivation, wastelands, roadsides; sea level to 3000 m".
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	uncertain if native	ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)

Additional information:
Additional online information about Vicia sativa is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Vicia sativa as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Vicia sativa may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.

ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Pickard, J. 1984. Exotic plants on Lord Howe Island: Distribution in space and time, 1853-1981. J. of Biogeography 11:181-208.

Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim. 2011. New plant records from midway Atoll, Maui and Kaho‘olawe. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2009-2010. Part II: Plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 110:23-35.

Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp.

Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. 1996. New records and other information on the vascular flora of the Kermadec Islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34:447-462.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Wood, K. R. 2007. New plant records, rediscoveries, range extensions, and possible extinctions within the Hawaiian Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:13-17.

Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).