Urochloa subquadripara (Trin.) R. D. Webster, Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 8 (Go to the risk assessment).

Other Latin names:  Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.; Panicum subquadriparum Trin.; Urochloa distachya (L.) T. Q. Nguyen

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: si sheng bi xing cao

English: armgrass millet, cori grass, green summer grass, tropical signalgrass

Fijian: thobuti

Other: nofh-lov-si

Rotuman: mauspentotmafu

Tongan: mohuku'apopoa

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Perennial [grass], creeping; culms to 60 cm long; blades 2.5-7.5 cm long, up to 1 cm wide; panicle 5-15 cm long, with 3-5 descending spike-like racemes; spikelets similar.  First glume slightly less than half as long as the spikelet." (Stone, 1970) "Culms 30-60 cm high, rising from creeping, stoloniferous runners, the nodes glabrous; leaf blades glabrous, 5-15 cm long, 2.5-10 mm broad; flowering culm bearing 3-5 (sometimes 2-10) racemes, these spreading to descending, 1.8-5 cm long; spikelets alike, about 3.5 mm long, glabrous, the lower glume less than one-quarter length of spikelet, clasping base of spikelet, 5-7-nereved, the margins overlapping, the upper glume as long as spikelet, 7-nerved, fertile, the lemma transversely rugose"  (Smith, 1979; p. 332-333).

"Difficult to distinguish from Thurston Grass [Urochloa glumaris] but is lighter green and the outer glume is much smaller"  (Stone, 1970; 205).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "Occasional to common in lawns, various crops, waste places, and on roadsides (Whistler, 1983; p. 82).  In Fiji, "frequent from sea level to about 800 m, occurring in pastures and canefields, along roadsides, and on seashores" (Smith, 1979; p. 332-333).

Propagation:  Seed, rooting at nodes (Whistler, 1983; p. 82).

Native range:  Tropical Asia and Australia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced	Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. (2003) (p. 48)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 35394) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadriparia (Trin.) Hitchc.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 44)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 32)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 43763) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 588965) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 588968) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 588971) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 588973) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 588974) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 125890) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588966) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588967) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fulanga Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kanathea Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Koro Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mango Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Matuku Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbatiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moturiki Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333) Voucher cited: Smith 8097
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 700000) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 612242) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 612246) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333) Voucher cited: DA 5736
Fiji Fiji Islands	Uea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 612245) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333) Vouchers cited: DA 8736, DA 8950
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333) Vouchers cited: DA 10345, DA 8256, DA 8224, DA 8182, DA 2814, DA 8157, DA 7236, DA 7981, DA 9026, DA 8652, DA 8076, DA 7042, DA 7861, DA 7905, DA 3375, DA 11791, DA 7778, DA 2894
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 31559) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 31560) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 31561) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 332-333) Voucher cited: St. John 18088
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 36289) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 205)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 588970) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 588972) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 699998) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. (1995) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: T. Flynn 644 (PTBG), D. Lorence & T. Flynn 6726 (BISH, MO, PTBG, US), Au s.n. (BISH) Naturalized along roadsides and in pastures.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1503)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1503)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1503)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Voucher: Imada 2003-174 (BISH 697785)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697785) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 31252) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 72) Vouchers cited: Thaman & Manner 83 (SUVA), Hassall 155 (SUVA) Rare
New Caledonia Matthew Island	Île Matthew	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Veillon 3409
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1876) (voucher ID: BISH 125916) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Baumann 5242
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 235) Vouchers cited: CHR 168779, CHR 168780, CHR 156955
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 56)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 53)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 83)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659851) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Aleipata Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1983)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Nu‘utele Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 427956) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47) Voucher cited: Whistler 79
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100412) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100421) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47) Voucher cited: Given s. n.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83905) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83906) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 52)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640410) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15731
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 700008) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 641729) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000898) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 97) Voucher cited: Soakai 816
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Erromango Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 700001) Taxon name on voucher: Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 89)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 47)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 328) On grasslands, abandoned fields and in thin forests.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 106)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Rivers, Julie (2004) (p. 2)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 11) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36864 (US)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 53)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 182) Voucher cited: Robertson 2885 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Coetivy Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 153) Voucher cited: Robertson 3154 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 58) Voucher cited: Robertson 2719

Additional information:
Additional online information about Urochloa subquadripara is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Urochloa subquadripara as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Urochloa subquadripara may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 699998 (Thompson, J.B. 263).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1876. Voucher specimen #BISH 125916 (Germain, M.R.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 700001 (Kajewski, S.F. 278).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 125890 (Wilder, G.P. 1044).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 36289 (St.John, H. 18088).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 612242 (St.John, H. 19405).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 612245 (St.John, H. 19664).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 612246 (St.John, H. 18977).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 588971 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2991).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 588972 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3144).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 588973 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2824).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 588974 (Fosberg, F.R. 24795).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 588965 (Anderson, D. 513).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 588968 (Fosberg, F.R. 31639).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 31561 (Parham, B.E. 7042).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 700000 (Smith, A.C. 8097).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 700008 (Yuncker, T.G. 15731).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 588970 (Fosberg, F.R. 35414).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 31559 (Parham, J.W. 10345).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 31560 (Rhodes, P.L. 11791).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588966 (Fosberg, F.R. 46394).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 31252 (Adair, F. GLBT/233/FA).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 83905 (Whistler, W.A. W235).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 83906 (Whistler, W.A. W234).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 100412 (Whistler, W.A. W97).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 100421 (Whistler, W.A. W79).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 427956 (Whistler, W.A. W4121).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588967 (Fosberg, F.R. 60009).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640410 (G.Buelow 3238).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 641729 (Buelow, G. 2536).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000898 (G.Buelow 2536).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659851 (Herbst, D.R. 9653).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697785 (C.Imada 2003-174).

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy W./Wagner, Warren L. 1995. Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. III. New additions, range extensions, and rediscoveries of flowering plants. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 41:19-58.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. 1985. Contribution à la connaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis & Futuna. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4e sér., 7, section B. Adansonia 3 : 259-329.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG35394(David H. Lorence 8647).

Ragone, Diane/Lorence, David H. 2003. Botanical and ethnobotanical inventories of the National Park of American Samoa. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, Hawaii and Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. 91 pp.

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