Urena lobata L., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Urena sinuata L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: pipiri

Chamorro: dádangse, dadangsi, dadangsi apaka, dadangsi machingat

Chinese: di tao hua

Chuukese: nognuk, ocher, sacawer

English: aramina, bur mallow, caesarweed, Congo jute, hibiscus burr, pink burr, pink Chinese burr, urena burr

Fijian: katiqani viti, nggatima, nggatima ni Viti, ngguatema, qatima, qatima ni viti

French: cousin uréne, jute africain

Hindi: gataya

Japanese: oobondekwa

Kwara‘ae: mamafuoli

Mangarevan: fuduah

Maori (Cook Islands): piripiri, purūmu, vavai tara tītā, vavai tara tītā

Marquesan: nehu, pou-éau, puehu, puepu, punehu haoe, pu‘unehu, rehu

Niuean: mosipo, motipo

Palauan: chosuched e kui, osuched a rechui

Pohnpeian: koaropw, korop, koropw

Rotuman: joan ne pija

Samoan: mautofu, mautofu, mautofu

Spanish: aramina, cadillo, malva blanca

Tahitian: piri piri, piri-piri, piripiri

Tongan: mo‘osipo, mo‘osipo Tonga

Yapese: karukur

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "A subshrub 0.6 to 3 m in height and up to 7 cm in basal diameter. The species usually has a single stem emerging from the ground but normally produces several stems or major branches low on the stem and many branches throughout. The nearly smooth bark is tough and fibrous, brown on the outside and green within. Its pale yellow wood is of medium density. Plants are supported by a tap and lateral root system of tan or ivory-colored, tough and flexible roots. Grayish green, discolorous, alternate leaves are stellate-pubescent both above and below, ovate, angulate or shallowly lobbed, 1 to 12 by 1 to 12 cm, and have serrate margins. Axillary flowers are usually solitary and have five pink petals. The flowers are about 1 cm broad. The fruits are 8- to 10-mm globose capsules that break into five fine-barbed (glochidate) mericarps. (Howard 1989, Liogier 1994, Stevens and others 2001)"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

"Erect subshrub to 1 1 m tall; leaves palmately lobed or angled, downy grayish pubescent with stellate hairs, 4-8 cm long, usually 5-lobed with the lobes again pinnatifid, or sometimes subentire but angled; flowers clustered; corolla pinkish-violet, about 1 cm broad; fruit pubescent and beset with hooked bristles (glochidia)" (Stone, 1970; pp. 417-418).

Some botanists recognize U. sinuata as a separate species or a variety. It is distinguished from U. lobata by having, among other characters, deeply lobed leaves in which the sinuses are rounded rather than acute (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 903).

Habitat/ecology:  "Readily invades disturbed areas, especially poorly managed pastures, scarified and eroded areas, and perennial crop plantations but is much less of a problem in annual crops. The species does not compete well in tallgrass swards and brushlands and does not grow under forest canopies. Ceasar weed grows on a wide variety of soils of varying fertility derived from most parent materials. It tolerates salt spray and a moderate amount of salt in the soil but does not grow in saturated soils. In Puerto Rico, it occurs in areas that receive from about 1400 to 3000 mm of mean annual precipitation, forming thickets in favorable sites"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Invades disturbed areas.  In New Guinea, "a weed of waste land, roadsides and pastures. Mostly at low altitudes, but occurring to 1500 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 124).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation disturbed areas, 20-30 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 903). In Fiji, "found at elevations from near sea level to the summit of Mt. Tomanivi, 1,323 m.  It is a pernicious weed abundantly naturalized in gardens, canefields, pastures, clearings, and grassland, and also found along forest trails and on open hillsides"  (Smith, 1981; pp. 431-432). In Tonga, "frequent as a roadside and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; pp. 182-183). In New Caledonia, "espèce sinon indigène, d'introduction ancienne aux îles du Pacifique Sud" (MacKee, 1994; p. 99).

Propagation:  Seed. Barbs on seed cling to fur and clothing.

Native range:  "Pantropical, but probably of Asiatic origin and spread into many parts of the world by aboriginal voyagers; it was doubtless brought into many Pacific areas in this manner"  (Smith, 1981; pp. 431-432).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 41)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9492, Whistler 3458
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9492 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 158813) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430294) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 47)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 545, Yuncker 9142
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 50) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 4142 (BISH), Garber 545 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 158811) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 158812) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 158814) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 10371) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Aunu‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 158806) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 158802) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 158805) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 158810) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 419274) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1898a (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1636 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1767 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 652885) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 83) Voucher: Flynn 7091 (PTBG, BISH, US)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 387) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 89) Voucher: Flynn 7037 (PTBG, BISH, US)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 362) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 95)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 100)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 158746) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 158770) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 20) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 158780) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 429410) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2463 (US), Glassman 2790 (US), Glassman 2866 (US), Hosokawa 6154 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 110) Vouchers cited: A. Dores 55 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 224 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 26409 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2790 (BISH), E.Y. Hosaka 3517 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2463 (BISH), F. Sohl 34 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 158778) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 158779) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 158781) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2006) (voucher ID: PTBG 34890) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Tomil Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 158772) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 158771) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 652884) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Beqa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 448412) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Smith 321
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 158787) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Seeman 1
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420641) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Milne 116
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Graeffe 1591
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rambi Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: DA 3696
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618568) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4767
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 158786) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 469, Bierhorst F68
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: DA 10231
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 75A, Da 9485, DA 7141, DA 10167, Greenwood 75B, DA 10553, Gillespie 4390, DA 9530, DA 9592, Gillespie 3414, DA 10940, DA 10580, DA 1243
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 14758) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 158788) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 158789) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 158790) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 158791) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 158792) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1951) (voucher ID: BISH 158793) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 448538) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Wakaya Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 431-432) Voucher cited: Milne 38
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 19) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 11019 (BISH), St. John 14560 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 7391 (PAP), J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9503 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 543351) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601902) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000481) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8815) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: M.-H. Sachet 1263 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1963) (voucher ID: PTBG 13239) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.A. Pancher s.n. (PAP), D.E. Jardin 135 (PAP), J. Florence 6682 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 541063) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 542237) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 7248 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 698402) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 179) Voucher cited: Grant 5049
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 49) Rare
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 179) Voucher cited: Grant 4693
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 179) Vouchers cited: Moore 665, BRY 26592
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 6094 (PAP), J. Florence 9177 (PAP), N. Hallé 7097 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545512) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 261-264)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 417-418) Vouchers cited: Stone 3918 (GUAM), Stone 4685 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 571339) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1966) (voucher ID: PTBG 23920) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 903)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 903) East Maui
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 903)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	probably introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Montrouzier 23 (MPU)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	probably introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Thiébaut s.n.
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	probably introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Vouchers cited: Eloin s.n., Däniker 1598b
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	probably introduced abo. intro.	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n. s.loc., Balansa 1768, Delacour s.n., MacKee 4593, MacKee 12721, MacKee 25532
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 118) Vouchers cited: CHR 170343, CHR 170344
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 30)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 82) Voucher cited: Yuncker 10048 (BISH) "A frequent weed in clearings and waste areas".
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 1282) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 437892) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1970) (voucher ID: BISH 652883) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 521) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 520) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10173) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 165)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 361) Common weed.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 47)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 124) Mostly at low altitudes, but occurring to 1500 m.
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 69, 79)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (pp. 36-37) In open waste places, thickets, etc., at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1,600 m.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100399) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 158808) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 158809) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 417866) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28593) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28604) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 158803) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 158807) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 417873) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 29206) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 158785) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 158784) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 116) ssp. sinuata
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 158798) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Atata Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41292) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Parks 16062
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 182-183) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15434
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 158794) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 158797) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Fafa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41293) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Soakai 29, Soakai 182, Soakai 442, Soakai 463
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 182-183) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15136
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 18838) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 158795) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 158796) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 698403) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata L.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3323) Taxon name on voucher: Urena lobata
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 69)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Harvey s.n., Crosby 6
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 182-183) Cited: Harvey, Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 28)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 98)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna Island	introduced invasive	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 30)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 374)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Grasslands, scrub, roadsides; 500-2200 m.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 100)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 374)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 69, 79)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 374)
Negara Brunei Darussalam Brunei	Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 69, 79)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 89) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Grasslands, scrub, roadsides; 500-2200 m.
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 374)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 69, 79)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	probably native	Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 69, 79)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 374)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Todd 2650

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011) Louisiana
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011)

Comments:  On the State of Hawai‘i noxious weed list and a problem and a declared noxious weed in Fiji.  Not a particular problem in Micronesia.

Control:  Unknown.  Some members of this family are tolerant of hormone-type herbicides.  Probably would require integrated mechanical and chemical treatment"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).
Article from "Wildland Weeds".

Additional online information about Urena lobata is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Urena lobata as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Urena lobata may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM520(Emmons, B. 86).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1970. Voucher specimen #BNM521(Salsedo, Carl. A. 419).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM1282(Canfield, J.E. 412).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM10173(Otobed, D.O. PW-10173).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 29206 (Giffen 17).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 158798 (McKern, W.C. 19).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 158807 (Diefenderfer, P. 170).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 158811 (Garber, D.W. 545).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 158812 (Garber, D.W. 545).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 158802 (Wilder, G.P. 37).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 158788 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 194).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 158789 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 218).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 158808 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 167).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 158810 (Garber, D.W. 897).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 158794 (Parks, H.E. 16062).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 158795 (Setchell, W.A. 15370).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 158790 (Gillespie, J.W. 3414).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 158791 (Gillespie, J.W. 4390).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 158786 (Gillespie, J.W. 4767).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 158746 (Wilder, G.P. 938).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 158803 (Christophersen, E. 480).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 158805 (Diefenderfer, P. 19).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 158806 (Diefenderfer, P. 1237).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 158809 (Christophersen, E. 2457).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 158784 (Brass, L.J. 2810).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 158787 (Smith, A.C. 321).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618568 (St.John, H. 19304).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 158813 (Yuncker, T.G. 9492).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 158814 (Yuncker, T.G. 9142).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 158785 (Riley, J.C. 15).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 158772 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3252).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 571339 (Fosberg, F.R. 25390).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 158770 (Wong, C.C.Y. 205).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 158792 (Smith, A.C. 4438).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 158771 (Wong, C.C.Y. 554).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 158778 (Glassman, S.F. 2790).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 158779 (Glassman, S.F. 2790).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 158780 (Glassman, S.F. 2703).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 158781 (Glassman, S.F. 2866).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1951. Voucher specimen #BISH 158793 (Greenwood, W. 1266).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 158796 (Yuncker, T.G. 15136).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 158797 (Yuncker, T.G. 15434).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 14758 (Koroiveibau 10940).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 18838 (Lawrence, E. 29).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41292 (Soakai, E. 463).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41293 (Soakai, E. 442).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 652885 (Evans, M. 2419).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28593 (Bristol, M.L. 2061).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28604 (Bristol, M.L. 2072).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 437892 (Emmons, B. 86).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 652884 (Blackburn, B.S. 250).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 698403 (Weiner, M.A. T 21 b).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1970. Voucher specimen #BISH 652883 (P.C.V. 419).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 448538 (Weiner, M.A. MW-71-7-113).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 100399 (Whistler, W.A. W 125).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 448412 (Weiner, M.A MW-72-F-190).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 417866 (Whistler, W.A. W 1695).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 417873 (Whistler, W.A. W 1850).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 419274 (Whistler, W.A. W 3235).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430294 (Whistler, W.A. W 3458).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420641 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307367).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 429410 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2842).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 545512 (Florence, J. 6094).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 542237 (Florence, J. 6682).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 543351 (Florence, J. 7391).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 698402 (Florence, J. 7248).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 541063 (Florence, J. 8491).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601902 (Florence 9503).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000481 (W.L.Wagner 6177).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Unpublished database and supplement to: Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Francis, John K., ed. 2009. Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB-1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry and Shrub Sciences Laboratory (online resource).

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