Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Triamfetta bartramia L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: pilipili, pipili, piri piri, piripiri

Chinese: ci shuo ma

Chuukese: sacawer

English: bur bush, burr bush, Chinese burr, diamond burbark, hibiscus burr, paroquet burr

Fijian: nggatima, nggatima ni vavalangi, qatima

French: herisson blanc

Mangarevan: piripiri

Maori (Cook Islands): piripiri, purūmu, purūmu

Marquesan: aunehu, pu‘unehu, puehu, puehu, puehu pua pipi‘i, punehe, punehu, punehu haoé, punehu haoe, punuehu, pununehu

Niuean: mosipo, motipo

Rotuman: joan ne pija

Samoan: matofu papalagi, mautofu, mautofu, mautofu vao

Tahitian: piri piri, piripiri, piripiri, piripiri takato, toceto, toketo, toteto, urio

Tongan: mo‘osipo, mo‘osipo enge‘enga, mo‘osipo hina enge‘enga, mu‘a

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Erect, woody herb or shrub 75-150 cm in height.  Stems glabrous, longitudinally grooved.  Leaves simple, alternate; blade ovate to rhomboid in shape with 3-5 lobes, sometimes nearly as wide as broad, and 2-10 cm long.  Leaf margins irregularly serrate, leaf surfaces softly-pubescent with stellate hairs, blade palmately veined.  Flowers in short, condensed, axillary cymes.  Calyx divided into five pubescent, narrowly oblong sepals; corolla of five yellow, obovate petals about 5 mm long.  Stamens 10-15.  Fruit a subglobose bur with the body 3-4 mm in diameter, covered with 75-100 hooked spines 1.0 to 1.5 mm long" (Whistler, 1983; p. 69).

"An erect shrub to 1.5 m tall; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-lobed; serrate; flowers small yellow axillary clustered; fruits with scattered reflexed hairs on the hooked spines" (Stone, 1970; p. 406).

Habitat/ecology:  "Invades pastures, disturbed areas in forests.  Prevents establishment of native species.  Burs a nuisance to man and beast in pastures and forests"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in dry, disturbed sites and pastures, 5-760 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1292, 1294).  In Niue, "a nuisance in the plantations.  It is also frequently seen in waste places, along tracks, and in similar disturbed sites"  (Sykes, 1970; p. 206).  In Fiji, "found from near sea level to an elevation of 600 m as an abundant weed along roads and trails, in clearings, waste places, thickets, and canefields, and on open hillsides"  (Smith, 1981; pp. 378-379). In New Guinea, "a plant of regrowth and savannahs, and a weed of roadsides and pastures. At low altitudes" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 155). In Tonga, "frequent as a plantation and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 180). In New Caledonia, "mauvaise herbe très commune" (MacKee, 1994; p. 135). "Cette mauvaise herbe pantropicale se rencontre près de tous les lieux habitésl, dans les terrains vagues, les cultures, le long des chemins, dans les zones défrichées ou reboisées, de 0 à 600 m d'altitude" (Tirel, 1996; pp. 129-131).

Propagation:  Burs that stick to clothing and fur.

Native range:  Probably tropical America, now pan-tropical weed.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 41)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3054, Whistler 3465
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 43)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1076
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Garber 1076 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1925) (voucher ID: BISH 184904) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 46)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 602, Whistler 1322
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 50) Voucher cited: Garber 602 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 184905) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 184911) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 184914) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 11) "Possibly a recent introduction to judge from the one collection made in 1980, but with the potential of becoming a serious weed". Voucher cited: W.R. Sykes NI 604 (CHR)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 82003) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 100)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 184797) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665322) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Ulalu (Romonum) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 184943) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 159)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 110) Naturalized
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Vouchers cited: DA 2947, Smith 189
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 184962) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Katafanga Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Voucher cited: Bryan 542
Fiji Fiji Islands	Katafanga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 184960) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 918
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618630) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618631) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Thithia Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Voucher cited: DA 13254
Fiji Fiji Islands	Totoya Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Voucher cited: DA 13242
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Vouchers cited: DA 1098, DA 10506, DA 9111
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Vouchers cited: DA 10205, Smith 1427
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 184961) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420635) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 136, DA 10289, Smith 4111, DA 10432, DA 2815, Webster & Hildreth 14308, DA 10166, DA 2878, Smith 9614, DA 7911, DA 9530, DA 7746, H.B.R. Parham 117
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1945) (voucher ID: BISH 14690) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 78640) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 184963) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 184964) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yanutha Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 378-379) Voucher cited: DA 8984
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: B. Huguenin s.n. (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 18) Voucher cited: St. John 14526 (BISH)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 18) Voucher cited: St. John 14783 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J.-C. Thibault 1039 (PAP), J.-C. Thibault 1043 (PAP), J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9314 (PAP), S.P. Perlman & J. Florence 10045 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000616) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1906) (voucher ID: BISH 1001138) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 9225) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence 6209 (PAP), J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9510 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601883) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000615) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8516) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 397 (PAP), M.-H. Sachet 2161 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1963) (voucher ID: PTBG 8404) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J.-Y. Meyer 212 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 42563) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 2175 (PAP), B.G. Decker 2219 (PAP), J. Florence 4103 (PAP), J. Florence 8445 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491494) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 541053) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 541054) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 583641) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12020 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: D. Baré 80 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 63101 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 417359) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 599810) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 45) Vouchers cited: Raynal 17827, Fosberg 64829 (US), Fosberg 64925 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Raynal 17827 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614936) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10297 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642904) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22353) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 30) Voucher cited: Sachet 917 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 282) Voucher cited: BRY 24871
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3389 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg & M.-H. Sachet 63221 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492094) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5254 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492249) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 614599) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 614603) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 282) Voucher cited: Drake l.c.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4029 (PAP), J.-M. Veillon & M. Guérin 184 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 491118) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491149) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3001 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493104) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 659367) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tenarunga Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5693 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6396 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493497) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 42059) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 5959 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 545608) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 258-260)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 45)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 23923) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1292, 1294)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1292, 1294)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1292, 1294) Voucher cited: Heller 2293 (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Pott	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 135) Voucher cited: MacKee 19367
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 383) Mauvaise herbe très commune.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 135) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 156, Balansa 527, Cribs 644, Schlechter 15841, MacKee 2422, MacKee 11449, MacKee 12018
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10860) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10861) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1909) (voucher ID: BISH 592997) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 206) Vouchers cited: CHR 168686, CHR 168687, CHR 168688
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 25) Voucher: Flynn 6710 (PTBG, US, NIUE)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 48)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 80) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9865 (BISH), Yuncker 10239 (BISH) "A common weed in plantations and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 47)
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2000) (voucher ID: PTBG 30205) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 159)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 355) Common weed.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 155) Widespread at low altitudes, but usually not common; mostly in regions of seasonal rainfall.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 66)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 71) Voucher: Flynn 6945 (PTBG, US, SAMOA)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 184906) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 184907) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 184908) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 184909) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 416361) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 417863) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 609298) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 273) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 184910) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1893) (voucher ID: BISH 184912) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402121) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 116)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640414) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 75)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 645786) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000865) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 440414) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 180) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15786
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 184892) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 75)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 645861) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta bartramia L.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 75)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41315) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 180) "Frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 184893) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22276) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 603509) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 231) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 57)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 180) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16218
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 18835) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41372) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 77879) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 184891) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429363) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429364) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 180) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 526
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Crosby 14
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 180) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 29)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Tanna Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 424735) Taxon name on voucher: Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 38)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 38)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 370)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 8)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Forest margins, open areas, wastelands; 100-1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 95)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 370)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 88) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Forest margins, open areas, wastelands; 100-1500 m.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Naturalisé"
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010) Naturalisée, potentiellement envahissant.
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Alphonse Island		Robertson, I. A. D./Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 183) Voucher cited: Robertson 2833 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 61) Vouchers cited: Procter 4168, Robertson 2677

Comments:  On State of Hawai‘i noxious species list.

Control: 

Physical:  "Burs stick to clothing and fur, so sanitation measures and control before seeding are critical to prevent spread of bur bush"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical: "Sensitive to foliar drizzle applications of dicamba, picloram, and probably triclopyr"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Triumfetta rhomboidea is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Triumfetta rhomboidea as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Triumfetta rhomboidea may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1893. Voucher specimen #BISH 184912 (Reinecke 21).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1906. Voucher specimen #BISH 1001138 (S.Perlman 10045).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1909. Voucher specimen #BISH 592997 (collector unknown 527).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 184914 (Setchell, W.A. 338).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 184893 (McKern, W.C. 66).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 184905 (Garber, D.W. 602).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 184911 (Wilder, G.P. 37).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 184906 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 114).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 184960 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 542).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1925. Voucher specimen #BISH 184904 (Garber, D.W. 1076).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 184797 (Wilder, G.P. 821).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 184909 (Christophersen, E. 675).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 184910 (Christophersen, E. 481).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 184907 (Christophersen, E. 2465).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 184908 (Christophersen, E. 1938).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 184962 (Smith, A.C. 189).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 184961 (Smith, A.C. 1427).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618630 (St.John, H. 19207).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618631 (St.John, H. 19450).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1945. Voucher specimen #BISH 14690 (B.E.P. 2815).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 184964 (Smith, A.C. 4111).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402121 (Giffen 34).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10860 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1610).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10861 (Bryan; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 184891 (Yuncker, T.G. 16218).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 184892 (Yuncker, T.G. 15786).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 184963 (Smith, A.C. 9614).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 18835 (Lawrence, E. 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41315 (Soakai, E. 527).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41372 (Soakai, E. 953).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 184943 (Stone, B.C.M. 5280).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22276 (Bristol, M.L. 1902).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22353 (Smith, H.M. 4).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 78640 (Webster, G.L. 14308).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 77879 (Weiner, M.A. T 21A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 82003 (Stoddart, D.R. 2243).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 417863 (Whistler, W.A. W1691).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 417359 (Baré, D. 12).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 429363 (Kirch, P.V 248).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 429364 (Kirch, P.V 207).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 416361 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1509).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420635 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307487).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 599810 (Baré, D. 80).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 424735 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1580).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 491118 (Veillon, J.M. 184).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 440414 (G.Buelow 3243).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491149 (Florence, J. 4029).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491494 (Florence, J. 4103).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492094 (Florence, J. 3389).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 493104 (Florence, J. 3001).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 614599 (Fosberg, F.R. 63504).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 614603 (Fosberg, F.R. 63403).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640414 (Buelow, G. 3243).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 645786 (Buelow, G. 2837).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 645861 (G.Buelow 2569).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000865 (G.Buelow 2837).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492249 (Florence, J. 5254).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 545608 (Florence, J. 5959).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 493497 (Florence, J. 6396).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614936 (Fosberg, F.R. 64829).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 659367 (Fosberg, F.R. 64592).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 609298 (Cox, P.A. 934).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 541053 (Florence, J. 8445).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 541054 (Florence, J. 8445).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 603509 (O'Rourke, L. 200).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 583641 (Gagné, B.H. s.n.).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601883 (J.Florence 9510).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000615 (W.L.Wagner 6163).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000616 (S.Perlman 10045).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642904 (Florence 10297).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 665322 (Sykes, W.R. 474504).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France. 2010. Les espéces envahissantes en outre-mer (online resource).

Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

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