L., Fabaceae
|
|
|
|
|
L., Fabaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Common name(s): [more details]
|
Chinese: hong che zhou cao |
|
English: mammoth red clover, medium red clover, peavine clover, purple clover, red clover |
|
French: trèfle des pres, trèfle des prés, trèfle rouge, trèfle violet |
|
Spanish: trèbol común, trèbol morado, trèbol rojo, trèbol violeta |
Habit: herb
Description: "Perennial herbs, sparsely villous or glabrescent. Stems numerous from crown, erect or ascending, 20-70 cm, stout, striate. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate, basal and cauline, long petiolate in lower leaves, shortly petiolate in upper leaves; stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous, base adnate to petiole, apex acuminate-subulate; leaflets ovate-elliptic or obovate, rarely elliptic, 1.5-3.5 (-5) x 1-2 cm, lateral veins 15, base broadly cuneate, margins obscurely serrulate, apex obtuse, rarely retuse. Flowers 30-70, in dense globose or ovoid, terminal, sessile to shortly pedunculate heads, subtended by involucre of stipules of reduced leaves. Calyx slightly pubescent or glabrous, veins 10; teeth subulate, unequal, lower tooth ca. 2x others. Corolla purple, rarely pink or white, 12-14 (-18) mm; standard spatulate, apex rounded, retuse. Ovary elliptic. Legume ovoid. Seed 1, yellow or brown, ovoid" (Flora of China online).
Habitat/ecology: In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in west, open areas such as pastures and lawns, 820-2,070 m (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 714). In China, "cultivated and naturalized; woodland margins, wet meadows, roadsides" (Flora of China online). In New Zealand, "pasture, waste places, gardens, cultivated land" (Webb et al., 1988; p. 690).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Europe, northern Africa, Asia; widely naturalized in temperate regions (GRIN).
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive |
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011) |
|
Chile (offshore islands)
Juan Fernández Islands |
Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (p. 558) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawai‘i (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 714)
var. sativum. Voucher cited: Ewart III 232 (BISH) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 714)
var. sativum |
|
New Zealand (offshore islands)
Kermadec Islands |
Kermadec Islands |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 690) |
|
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
| Pacific Rim | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011)
Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia |
|
Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
National Herbarium of New South Wales (2011)
"Widely cultivated, frequently naturalized". |
|
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
Canada
Province of British Columbia |
Canada (British Columbia) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011) |
|
Canada
Canada |
Canada (country) |
introduced
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2011) |
|
Chile (continental)
Chile |
Chile (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) |
|
Colombia
Colombia |
Colombia (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
Guatemala
Guatemala |
Guatemala (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
Japan
Japan |
Japan (country) |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 185) |
|
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 690) |
|
Perú
Perú |
Perú (Republic of) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
Taiwan
Taiwan |
Taiwan Island |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (Oregon) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (Washington) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
| Also reported from | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
|
United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
introduced
|
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre (2011) |
Additional information:
Information from James A. Duke (1983), Handbook of Energy Crops.
Weed Identification
Guide from Virginia Tech.
Additional online information about Trifolium pratense is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Trifolium pratense as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Trifolium pratense may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.
Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido. 2006. Nouveau catalogue de la flore vaculaire de l'archipel Juan Fernández (Chile) [Nuevo catálogo de la flora vacular del Archipélago Juan Fernández (Chile)]. Acta Bot. Gallica 153(4):399-587.
ILDIS Co-ordinating Centre. 2011. International Legume Database & Information Service. Online searchable database.
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.
National Herbarium of New South Wales. 2011. PlantNet: New South Wales Flora online. The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust Version 2.0. Online resource.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2011. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).