Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Cannabaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Trema cannabina Lour.; Trema cannabinum Lour.; Trema orientale (L.) Blume; Trema tomentosum (Roxb.) H. Hara

Common name(s): [more details]

Carolinian: tal amama

Chamorro: agaunai, banahl

Chinese: yi se shan huang ma

English: charcoal tree, gunpowder tree, poison peach

Fijian: matadra, ndrikanaithembe, ndrou, ndroundrou

Kwara‘ae: bulasisi, fifikulu

Nangu: ngadaenango

Niuean: māgele, magele, mangele

Other: guyarci, hai-art-se, nendog

Palauan: elodechoel, golodogoiel

Samoan: avaava aitu, magele, māgele, mangele, mangele

Tahitian: aere

Tongan: māgele, mangele

Wallisian: māgele

Yapese: uanin, wunin

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Trees to 3-36 m tall, ± buttressed, densely pubescent with appressed to erect, silvery, glaucous, or grayish hairs and short, multicellular, glandular hairs.  Leaves distichous, thin to thick, coriaceous, often rigid and brittle, ovate to narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 6-19 cm long, 1.5-7 (-10) cm wide, upper surface sparsely to strongly scabrid with pustulate-based hairs, lower surface densely tomentose with silvery, appressed, unicellular hairs and shorter, multicellular, glandular hairs, margins serrate to denticulate, apex acute to acuminate-caudate, base asymmetrical, cordate, rounded, or occasionally truncate, petioles 0.7-1.8 cm long, stipules linear-lanceolate, ca. 5-7 mm long.  Flowers of different sexes borne on separate branches in a branched panicle or thyrse, bracts ovate, 2-3 mm long; sepals 5; staminate flowers 20-100, in inflorescences up to 2.5-5 cm long, sepals ca. 1.5-2 mm long, pistillode present; pistillate flowers 5-15, in inflorescences 1-2.5 cm long, sepals ca. 1-1.5 mm long, staminodes absent.  Drupes black at maturity, 3-5 mm long"  (Wagner et al., 1999, pp. 1296-1297).

Smith (1981, p. 160) discusses the possible differences between T. orientalis and T. cannabina [cannabinum] and concludes that "it is my present opinion that the weedy and aggressive species established in the Fijian Region (New Hebrides, Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Samoa, and the Horne Islands) is best referred to a single species".

Wagner et al. (1999, pp. 1296-1297) discuss the possible differences between T. orientalis and T. tomentosa and conclude that "since these entities are exceedingly similar and may represent forms of one species, we have treated them together here using the older name, T. orientalis."

Thus, until better information is available, all of these are included here as T. orientalis.

Habitat/ecology:  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed mesic forest and diverse mesic forest, 30 to 800 m" (Wagner et al., 1999, pp. 1296-1297). In Tonga, "frequent in thickets" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 96).

Propagation:  Bird-dispersed seed.

Native range:  Asia and Pacific islands.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 162)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 35) Abundant. Voucher cited: Yuncker 9461 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 185290) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 162)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 35) Abundant. Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9046 (BISH), Garber 670 (BISH)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 185284) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 185289) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 38853) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Whistler, W. A. (1980) (p. 162)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 185285) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1920) (voucher ID: BISH 185288) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1923) (voucher ID: BISH 185292) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430161) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31602 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 660404) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1952) (voucher ID: BISH 185350) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1940 (US), Fosberg 31669 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 660405) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1625
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 56) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58813
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667774) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31602 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 659897) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Asuncion Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667698) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Farallon de Pajaros (Uracas) Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 25) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Voucher cited: Falanruw 1818 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 56) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58929, CBM-BS-58945
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 660403) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Guguan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1971) (voucher ID: BISH 660407) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Maug Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Varieties argentea (Pl.) Laut. and viridis Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: Moore 3045 (US), Fosberg 31371 (US), Anderson 530 (US), Bonham 12 (US); var. viridis Voucher cited: Moore 332 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 56) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58998
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 637061) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 659898) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 660406) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000083) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Varieties argentea (Pl.) Laut. and viridis Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 185351) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Varieties argentea (Pl.) Laut. and viridis Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1934) (voucher ID: BISH 185348) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 185349) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 660408) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 660409) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 660414) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1758 (US), Evans 2386 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, P), Evans 2352 (US, BISH, Fo, NY, L, TI)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	native	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 56) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58887
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 660410) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1966) (voucher ID: BISH 660411) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 660413) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	native	Sykes, Bill (year unknown) Near the top of Rangimotia on Mangaia in one gully per Bill Sykes, pers. com.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 665681) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 185355) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 185358) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 500831) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fiji Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 185269) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Vouchers cited: Bryan 506
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 185270) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kambara Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 185271) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Voucher cited: DA 11927 (DF 7)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Vouchers cited: Seemann 563, Garnock-Jones 826
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Voucher cited: Smith 1315
Fiji Fiji Islands	Nairai Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Voucher cited: Milne 168
Fiji Fiji Islands	Naitamba Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Voucher cited: Tothill 761
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618858) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618859) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 618867) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Vouchers cited: Harvey s.n.,, Smith 6713, DA 12941, DA 12864, Greenwood 472
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Vouchers cited: Smith 1405, Garnock-Jones 1079
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420630) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	native	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 159-160) As T. canabina. Vouchers cited: Smith 9355, Meebold 16760, DF 443, Bola 138
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 185275) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1937) (voucher ID: BISH 448878) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 246) Var. viridis Lauterbach. Native but uncommon. Voucher cited: Moore 299
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52) Varieties argentea (Pl.) Laut. and viridis Laut.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 655712) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1296-1297)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	native	Toyoda, Takeshi (2003) (p. 254)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 446650) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Niue Niue	Niue Island	native	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 46) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 10231 (BISH), Yuncker 10223 (BISH), Yuncker 10230 (BISH). Sykes (1970) states that this species could not be found in 1965 and is possibly extinct on the island. "Occasional in thickets. The fruit is eaten by birds".
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. Field notes.)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 185357) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 595723) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 649784) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 655714) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 688737) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argenteus (Planch.) Lauterb.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 688849) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 689495) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 1427) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argentea (Pl.) Laut.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3013) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Bl.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1996) (voucher ID: BNM 26573) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. argentea
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 25486) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. Field notes.)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438298) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. Field notes.)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. Field notes)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 655715) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 51-52)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. Field notes.)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 660586) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Palau Islands (main island group)		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 699201) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina var. scabra (Bl.) deWit
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 131)
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 61)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	native	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 34) At low and medium altitudes, in places ascending to an altitude of 2,000 m; usually abundant.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	native	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100417) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 185286) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 185287) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 609003) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	native	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. Field notes.)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28831) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 185283) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 185291) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 185253) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 185254) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mikira (San Cristobal) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1932) (voucher ID: BISH 185256) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Ndeni (Santa Cruz) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 79843) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 115)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘afeva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640315) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15762, Yuncker 15837, Buelow 308, Buelow 379
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15938, Buelow 560
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15938
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 185281) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kao Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 639482) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15762
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 699202) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15837
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 185282) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited Scarth-Johnson68, Scarth-Johnson 164
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 651849) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000867) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 256) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) "Frequent in thickets throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Parks 16058!, Yuncker 15604, Hotta 5550, Soakai 991 (EI), Sykes 256, Sykes 304, Sykes 662
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) Voucher cited: Yuncher 15604
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 185279) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 185280) Taxon name on voucher: Trema orientalis var. viridis Lauterb.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Graeffe (n.s.), Moseley (n.s.), Setchell & Parks 15312, Yuncker 15252, Soakai 715, Buelow 5
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	native	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 351) Trema cannabina Lour.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Hotta 4447, Buelow & Sykes 66, Buelow & Sykes 247
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Buelow 1936, Whistler 6309
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Hurlimann 637, Buelow 1138, Whistler 6193
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 96-97) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 637
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: (Whistler, n.s.)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	native	Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 78) Vouchers cited: Barclay s.n., Harvey s.n., Crosby 168
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Aneityum Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 185261) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Erromango Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 185262) Taxon name on voucher: Trema cannabina Lour.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011) "Grows on sand dunes near mangrove swamps, in marginal rainforest and in alluvial soils in rainforest".
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	native	Australian Biological Resources Study (2011) "Grows on sand dunes near mangrove swamps, in marginal rainforest and in alluvial soils in rainforest".
China China	China (People's Republic of)	native	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) "Moist forests, dry scrub of open slopes; 400-1900 m".
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 58)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Ryukyu Islands	Ryukyu Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Comoros Comoro Islands	Comoro Islands	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 5)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)

Comments:  Not causing problems where it is native. Need to confirm its absence on Pohnpei and Kosrae (Federated States of Micronesia). Should not be introduced where not native.

Reported to be moderately invasive in the Solomon Islands (Wairiu and Wagatora, 2002)

Control: 

Physical:  "Cattle relish the leaves of gunpowder trees (Sam Taka, rancher)"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical: "Sensitive to cut-surface applications (to drilled holes) of hormone-type herbicides and glyphosate.  HAVO staff reported control with triclopyr amine at 10% product in water applied to cut stumps (Chris Zimmer, HAVO).  Also sensitive to basal bark, frill, and cut-stump applications of triclopyr"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Trema orientalis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Trema orientalis as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Trema orientalis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2011. Flora of Australia Online. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.

Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Réunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology (2006) 31, 747-758.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1978. Voucher specimen #BNM1427(Canfield, J.E. 444).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3013(Timberlake, J. 3013).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1996. Voucher specimen #BNM26573(Raulerson, L. 26573).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 185262 (Kajewski, S.F. 398).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1920. Voucher specimen #BISH 185288 (Setchell, W.A. 263).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 185283 (Eames, A.J. 139).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 185284 (Garber, D.W. 670).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1923. Voucher specimen #BISH 185292 (Wilder, G.P. 25).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 185270 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 506).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 185271 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 506).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 185285 (Garber, D.W. 902).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 185279 (Parks, H.E. 16058).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 185269 (Gillespie, J.W. 3585).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 185261 (Kajewski, S.F. 717).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 185253 (Kajewski, S.F. 2478).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 185254 (Kajewski, S.F. 2430).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 185286 (Christophersen, E. 3002).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 185287 (Christophersen, E. 3298).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 185256 (Brass, L.J. 2680).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1932. Voucher specimen #BISH 185275 (Meebold, A. 16760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 185357 (Hosokawa, T. 7236).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 699201 (Hosokawa, T. 7235).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 185348 (Hosokawa, T. 7948).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1934. Voucher specimen #BISH 185351 (Hosokawa, T. 7581).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 185355 (Hosokawa, T. 8846).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1937. Voucher specimen #BISH 448878 (Valentine, J.M. 29).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618858 (St.John, H. 19423).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618859 (St.John, H. 19712).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 618867 (St.John, H. 19446).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 185289 (Yuncker, T.G. 9046).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 185290 (Yuncker, T.G. 9461).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 655712 (Fosberg, F.R. 25296).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 660408 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2931).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 660409 (Fosberg, F.R. 25185).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 660413 (Hosaka, E.Y. 2804).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 185349 (Lange, W.H. 17).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 185358 (Wong, C.C.Y. 562).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 446650 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1636).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 660406 (Anderson, D. 530).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 660404 (Fosberg, F.R. 31602).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 660405 (Fosberg, F.R. 31669).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 660414 (Fosberg, F.R. 31335).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 660586 (Fosberg, F.R. 32293).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1952. Voucher specimen #BISH 185350 (Kondo, Y.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 185280 (Yuncker, T.G. 15604).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 185281 (Yuncker, T.G. 15938).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 185282 (Yuncker, T.G. 15837).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 699202 (Yuncker, T.G. 15762).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 659898 (Bonham, L.D. 12).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 185291 (Wisner, A.W. 18).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 655714 (Fosberg, F.R. 47687).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 660410 (Evans, M. 2386).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1966. Voucher specimen #BISH 660411 (Evans, M. 2352).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 655715 (Hardy, S. 58).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 28831 (Bristol, M.L. 2304).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1971. Voucher specimen #BISH 660407 (Falanruw, M.V.C. 1818).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 79843 (Powell, J.M. 19877).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 100417 (Whistler, W.A. W 85).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 659897 (Falanruw 2252).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430161 (Whistler, W.A. W 3115).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420630 (Garnock-Jones, P.J. 307495).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438298 (Canfield, J.E. 444).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 500831 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3525).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 639482 (G.Buelow 2953).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 640315 (G.Buelow 3220).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 651849 (Buelow, G. 2771).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000867 (G.Buelow 2771).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 595723 (Raulerson, L. 5875).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 660403 (Randall, R. LR 4048).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 637061 (Herbst, D.R. 7265).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667698 (Herbst, D.R. 7438).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667774 (Herbst, D.R. 7458).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000083 (Herbst, D.R. 7265).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1986. Voucher specimen #BISH 609003 (Cox, P.A. 1028).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 665681 (Sykes, W.R. 467628).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 649784 (Victor, S. LR26465).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 688737 (Raulerson, L. 26573).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 688849 (Raulerson, L. 26589).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1996. Voucher specimen #BISH 689495 (Rinehart, A.F. LR26589).

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Unpublished database and supplement to: Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. 1975. Vascular flora of the northern Marianas Islands. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 22:1-45.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.

Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean. 4. R233;union. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Division, Forest Resources Development Service, Working Paper FBS/4-4E. 37 pp.

Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.

MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. 1991. Effects of alien plant invasions on native vegetation remnants on La Reunion (Mascarenes Islands, Indian Ocean). Environmental Conservation 18 (1):51-61.

Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 2 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 530 pp.

Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp.

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG256(Tim Flynn 6883).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2002. Voucher specimen #PTBG38853(David H. Lorence 887).

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. In A. Asakua & T. Furuki, eds.  Natural History Research, Special issue no. 1, Chiba, Japan: Natural History Museum and Institute. pp. 13-69.

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 37:1-69. .

Raulerson, L./Rinehart, A. 1991. Trees and shrubs of the northern Mariana Islands. Saipan: Coastal Resources Management Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 96950. 119 pp.

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