Linden ex Fourn., Scrophulariaceae
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Linden ex Fourn., Scrophulariaceae |
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Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk; score: 11 (Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment for Torenia fournieri)
Common name(s): [more details]
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English: 'ōla'a beauty, bluewings, wishbone flower, wishbone-flower |
Habit: herb
Description: Torenia (genus): "Erect or prostrate herbs; stems 4-angled, often rooting from lower nodes. Lvs opposite, petiolate; blade margins often toothed. Infl. axillary, 1- to few-flwd fascicles. Flw cal tubular, 5-ridged or -winged, apex 5-lobed, persistent and enlarged; cor strongly 2-lipped, upper lip shorter than lower, throat open; stam 4 fertile, in 2 unequal pairs; ovary hairy in upper half, stigmas 2, flattened. Frt a dehiscent capsule, enclosed in cal, central septum persistent. Seeds numerous, shallowly pitted, unwinged." (A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 526)
Torenia fournieri E. Fournier: "Stem ±erect, 8-16" tall, 4-angled. Lf peti 0.66-1.25" long; blades ovate or ovate-oblong, 1-2.5" &mult; 0.66-1.75", base rounded truncate-cordate, margins serrate. Flws solitary in lf axils or in terminal racemes, pedicels 0.33-0.75" long; cal broadly 5-winged; cor 1-1.4" long, color variable, throat with bright yellow 'tongue'; stam fil without appendages. . . . Wild-type plants have flowers in shades of blue marked with dark purple lobe tips and vivid yellow in the throat. Culrivars have been produced with flowers purple on white, pink on white, yellow on white, and yellow on pale blue." (A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 527)
Habitat/ecology: In cultivation, "[a]lthough sometimes classified as a warm weather annual, this species of Torenia is not terribly fond of hot and humid summer weather." (MoBot)
Propagation: Propagation (in cultivation) is by seed. (MoBot; YouTube video)
Native range: "Torenia fournieri is native to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. . . ." (A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 527)
Impacts and invaded habitats: If you know of invaded habitats or impacts, please let us know.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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French Polynesia
French Polynesia Islands |
French Polynesia Islands | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Fatu Hiva Island | Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018) | |
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French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaiian Islands | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island | Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018) | |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kaua‘i Island |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
cultivated
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Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim (2007)
for sale at Kula Ace Hardware |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island | Consortium of Pacific Herbaria (2018) | |
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State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | GBIF (year unknown) | |
| Pacific Rim | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Asia
Asia |
Asia (southeast) | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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Asia
Asia |
Asia (southern) | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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Asia
Asia |
Laos |
native
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U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown)
"also cultivated" (but no location for this given) |
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Asia
Asia |
Laos | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Asia
Asia |
Myanmar | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Asia
Asia |
Nepal | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Asia
Asia (Pacific rim) |
Bangladesh | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Australia
Australia |
Australia |
cultivated
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Randall, R. P. (2017) |
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Australia
Australia |
Australia | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
New South Wales | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
Northern Territory |
cultivated
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Holtze, Maurice (1892) |
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Australia
Australia (continental) |
Queensland |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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British Columbia (province of Canada)
Province of British Columbia |
Canada (British Columbia) |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
native
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U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown)
"also cultivated" (but no location for this given) |
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Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Costa Rica (Republic of) |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Honduras (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Nicaragua (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Nicaragua (Republic of) | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (year unknown) | |
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Central America
Central America (Pacific rim) |
Panama (Republic of) | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (year unknown) | |
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Central America
Central America (non-Pacific rim) |
Belize | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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China
China |
Hong Kong | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Japan
Japan |
Japan | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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Japan
Japan |
Japan | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Colombia | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (year unknown) | |
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South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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South America (Pacific rim)
South America (Pacific rim) |
Perú (Republic of) | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (year unknown) | |
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Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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Taiwan
Taiwan Island |
Taiwan Island | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
native
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U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown)
"also cultivated" (but no location for this given) |
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Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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United States (west coast)
United States (west coast states) |
USA (California) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
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U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (year unknown)
"also cultivated" (but no location for this given) |
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Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
| Indian Ocean | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Seychelles
Seychelles Islands |
Seychelles Islands |
introduced
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Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017) |
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka |
Sri Lanka | GBIF (year unknown) | |
| Also reported from | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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Africa
Africa |
Congo | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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Africa
Africa |
Congo | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Africa
Africa |
Gabon | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Caribbean Islands
Caribbean Islands |
Dominican Republic | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Caribbean Islands
Caribbean Islands |
Guadeloupe | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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Caribbean Islands
Caribbean Islands |
Martinique | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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India
India |
India (Republic of) |
invasive
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Randall, R. P. (2017) |
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India
India |
India (Republic of) | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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South America (non-Pacific rim)
South America (non-Pacific rim) |
Brazil | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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South America (non-Pacific rim)
South America (non-Pacific rim) |
Guyana |
cultivated
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Randall, R. P. (2017) |
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United States of America
United States |
United States | Randall, R. P. (2017) | |
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United States of America
United States |
United States | GBIF (year unknown) | |
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United States of America
United States |
United States | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (year unknown) | |
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United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
United States (other states) |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown)
see original data set for particular states |
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United States (continental except west coast)
United States (other states) |
USA (Florida) |
cultivated
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GBIF (year unknown) |
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World
World |
Worldwide |
cultivated
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Randall, R. P. (2017) |
| ? | |||
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Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
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?
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? | GBIF (year unknown) | |
Comments: Present in Hawaii (implied by its inclusion in this book: A Tropical Garden Flora, p. 527)
For a global distribution map, see Discover Life's Global Mapper.
Control: If you know of control methods for Torenia fournieri, please let us know.