Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, Bignoniaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 8 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Bignonia stans L.; Stenolobium stans Seem.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: peeal

English: ginger Thomas, tecoma, trumpet bush, trumpet flower, yellow bells, yellow elder, yellow trumpetbush, yellow-elder

Fijian: bitu

French: bois Caraïbe, bois fleurs jaunes, bois pissenlit, trompette d'or

I-Kiribati: nei Karairai, neikarairai

Maori (Cook Islands): tekoma

Spanish: roble amarillo, saico amarillo

Tahitian: piti, piti

Tongan: piti

Tuamotuan: piti

Tuvaluan: neikarairai

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Shrub or small tree, much branched, twigs tan or reddish tan, smooth, scarcely 4-sided; leaves opposite, pinnately compound, leaflets 1-9, usually 3-7, ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute or obliquely acute, very shortly petiolate or subsessile, slightly hirsute on midrib and in vein axils beneath, margins irregularly serrate, leaves quite variable, rachis and petiole slender, glabrous; inflorescence an axillary or terminal raceme, pedicels short, irregularly curved or twisted, bracts reduced to minute scales, flowers rather few, calyx narrowly cylindric-campanulate, 5-7 cm long, with 5 sub-equal acuminate teeth, glabrous; corolla bright yellow, narrowly campanulate, tube narrow, about 1 cm long, throat about 2.5 cm long, dorsiventrally compressed, with 2 longitudinal folds on ventral side, 5 sub-equal spreading orbicular lobes about 8 mm long, several faint diffuse reddish lines in throat; stamens 4, attached at summit of tube, in 2 unequal pairs, included, filaments pilose at base, curved above, anthers versatile, linear, yellow, pilose, 6 mm long; sterile fifth stamen much reduced; pistil about equaling stamens, ovary narrowly cylindric, about equaling calyx, style filiform, glabrous, stigma flat, elliptic; capsule linear, compressed, 10-20 cm long, 7-8 mm wide, brown when ripe, with raised line or suture lengthwise on each flat side, tardily dehiscent along suture, septum parallel with flat sides, firm, seeds flat, oblong, 7-8 x 4 mm, with a membranous transparent wing on each end, ends of wing erose, seeds entire including wing about 20 x 6 mm"  (Fosberg et al., 1993; pp. 13-14).

Habitat/ecology:  "Tecoma stans grows best in full sunlight in disturbed areas such as roadsides"  (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 72). "Ginger-thomas does not tolerate heavy frost. However, it will grow in most well-drained soils, including calcareous fill, infertile sands, acidic Ultisols, and volcanic regolith in areas receiving from 700 to 1800 mm of rainfall. The species is described as a water spender that is able to convert to a water saver (Tipton 1994). It requires minimal competition and nearly full sunlight to survive (shade intolerant). Roadsides and disturbed areas are the most common habitats. Given a start in secondary forest, it is usually present for only 10 to 20 years following disturbance"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

In Queensland, Australia, naturalized in highly disturbed habitats, riparian vegetation, and occasionally in native vegetation on coastal sand dunes (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 200). "Can grow in dense stands inhibiting regeneration of other species" (Smith, 2002; p. 24). In New Caledonia, "se rencontre généralement en peuplements denses isolés le long de la côte Ouest. Non signalé comme planté bien que les fleurs jaunes soient jolies" (MacKee, 1994; p. 23).

Propagation:  "Seeds are dispersed by the wind and by the turbulence of passing vehicles, and are probably only viable for less than a year in the soil" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 72).

Native range:  "Southern Florida and southernmost Arizona and Texas south through the West Indies and Central America to northern Argentina.  It is also cultivated for its showy yellow flowers"  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 190).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 43)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 13)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438405) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 62)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 613425) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 15)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 15)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664506) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664507) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 15)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 15) Voucher: Flynn 7078 (PTBG, BISH, US)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 383) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 15)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 133865) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 59)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L. (1993) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Fosberg 60232 (US, BISH, POM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 613426) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 14) Cultivated between Malem and Utwe. Several plants seen. Invasive
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Potential invader"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 74) Invasive species.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 148) Voucher cited: DA 16858
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 33660) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 148) Voucher cited: DA 11916
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 33661) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: R.L. Oliver & P.A. Schäfer 3261 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39535) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4397 (PAP), J. Florence 7527 (PAP), B.G. Decker 270 (PAP), B.G. Decker 281 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 554579) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 12010 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Morris 33 (US) Rarely established.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 51) Voucher cited: H.M. Smith 48
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: C.L. Cartier 136 (PAP), C.L. Cartier 232 (PAP), J. Florence 4727 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 22320) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 492441) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1962) (voucher ID: BISH 696759) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 51) Voucher cited: Moore 701
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 14168) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 22)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 51) Vouchers cited: MacDaniels 1265, BRY 24836
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2281 (PAP), J. Florence 8693 (PAP), P. Birnbaum 30 (PAP) Naturalisée. Menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1909) (voucher ID: BISH 133847) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 133853) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 133856) Taxon name on voucher: Stenolobium stans
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 558189) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2979 (PAP) Naturalisé, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491712) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 649200) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6113 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 551104) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 531)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 133866) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 389)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 389)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 389)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76) Some naturalization.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher: Imada 2003-67 (BISH 697682) Some naturalization.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697682) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Makin Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252) Cultivated?
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 252)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Some naturalization.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 6) "Rare; small patch of bushes near private home in area seemingly recently cleared in forest area".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 75) Beginning to become naturalized.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Imada, Clyde (2006)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A11) Uncommon; few trees on Mili, single tree observed Nallo. Voucher 0724201010 (BISH, GUAM, PTBG)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0515200910
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99) "Potential invader".
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Thaman, Randolph R. (1992) (p. 138)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 105) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58656 (US), Thaman & Manner 193 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9570 (BRIU)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438333) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438334) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 23) Voucher cited: MacKee 5245
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 44059
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 100) "Dry forests"
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Généralement en peuplements denses isolés le long de la côte Ouest.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 23) Vouchers cited: Le Rat 2346, Däniker 20 (Z), Blanchon 793 (NOU), MacKee 12482, Jaffré 1831
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 51) "Not seen in 1965".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 7)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 108) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9817 (BISH), Yuncker 10029 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 13)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 95)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625613) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625614) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 625615) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (pp. 8, 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2010) (p. 23)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1984) (voucher ID: PTBG 26439) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Pulo Ana Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	cultivated	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 506) Abundant in the gardens of the white population.
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island		Calvert, Greg (year unknown)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	New Britain Island	introduced invasive	Calvert, Greg (year unknown)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 444) As Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem. Rather widely distributed in cultivation although scarcely naturalized.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 439315) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced cultivated	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 113)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9) Voucher: Flynn 6890 (PTBG, US)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 241) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9) Voucher: Flynn 6907 (PTBG, US)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 229) Taxon name on voucher: Tecoma stans
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 241) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15200
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 13, 31)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves/Jourdan, Hervé/Malau, Atoloto (2008) (p. 9) "Showing signs of invasion".

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 24)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 24)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 258) Ornamental.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced cultivated	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 85) Cultivated only

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (pp. 72, 129)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 5)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll	cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 33)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	native	Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2005) (p. 190)

Comments:  "In Australia, this species is invasive in tropical coastal areas, especially North Queensland. It is particularly problematic on the coast where it appears to be salt tolerant and can even invade into mangrove ecosystems. It is now listed as a declared noxious weed in Queensland. I have also recorded this species in New Britain (Papua New Guinea), where I observed it growing wild on a sandy beach dune system." (Greg Calvert, pers. com.).

Control: 

Chemical: "Yellow bells is highly susceptible to glyphosate...and is best controlled by cut stump application of 50% Roundup, which is much cheaper than basal bark application of Garlon 600. Pending results of field trials seedlings...should be sprayed with 2% Roundup plus Pulse in clean water" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 97).  "In Brazil, tebuthiuron was found to effectively kill plants, but picloram and 2, 4-D were not (Passini and Kranz 1997)"  (Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories).

Additional information:
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.
Fact sheet from "Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: thamnic descriptions" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Tecoma stans is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Tecoma stans as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Tecoma stans may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique. 2006. Current distribution and potential extent of the most invasive alien plant species on La Réunion (Indian Ocean, Mascarene islands). Austral Ecology (2006) 31, 747-758.

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1909. Voucher specimen #BISH 133847 (Leland, B. 2).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 133853 (Quayle, E.H. 18).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 14168 (Moore, J.W. 701).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 133856 (MacDaniels, L.H. 1265).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 133865 (Wilder, G.P. 858).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 133866 (Fosberg, F.R. 35586).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 33661 (Koroiveibau, D. 11916).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1962. Voucher specimen #BISH 696759 (Murray, E. 78).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 22320 (Smith, H.M. 48).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 33660 (Smith, A.C. 16858).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438333 (Fosberg, F.R. 58656).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438334 (Fosberg, F.R. 58656).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 438405 (Fosberg, F.R. 58309).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 439315 (Cox, P.A. 317).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 613425 (Fosberg, F.R. 59929).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 613426 (Fosberg, F.R. 60232).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491712 (Florence, J. 2979).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 554579 (Florence, J. 4397).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492441 (Florence, J. 4727).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 551104 (Florence, J. 6113).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 649200 (Fosberg, F.R. 50 m).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 558189 (Florence, J. 8693).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664506 (Sykes, W.R. 474582).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664507 (Sykes, W.R. 474583).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625613 (A.K.Kepler 92-131).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625614 (A.K.Kepler 92-131).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 625615 (A.K.Kepler 92-131).

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