Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Low risk, score: 0 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Caryophyllus malaccensis (L.) Stokes; Eugenia malaccensis L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: macupa, makupa

Chinese: ma liu jia pu tao

Chuukese: faaniyaap, faaniyap, faanyaap, fááriyap, faniap, faniap, faniob, faniyap, feniap, feniyap

English: Malay apple, mountain apple, Otaheite-apple, pomerac, rose apple

Fijian: kavika, kavika ndamu, kavika ndamundamu, kavika vulvula, kavikavula, yasi kavika

French: jamboissier rouge, poirier de Malaque, pomme malac, pommier-rose

Hawaiian: ‘ōhi‘, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ai, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ai ke‘oke‘o, ‘ōhi‘ hākea, ‘ōhi‘ kea, ‘ōhi‘ leo, ‘ōhi‘ ‘ula

Kwara‘ae: afio, kabirai, sa‘au, u‘uinialakau

Mangarevan: ahia, keika

Maori (Cook Islands): ka‘ika, ka‘ika makatea, ka‘ika maori, ka‘ika maori, ka‘ika papa‘ā, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika tavake, ka‘ika ‘enua, kaika makatea

Marquesan: kehi‘a, kehika

Marshallese: abōl

Niuean: fekakai

Palauan: kidel

Pohnpeian: apel, apel em Pohnpei, apel en Pohnpei, paniap

Samoan: nonu, nonu, nonu fi‘afi‘a, nonu fi‘afi‘a, nonu fiafia, nonu fiafia, nonu ui, nonu ui, nonu ‘ula, nonu ‘ula

Spanish: manzana de agua, pera noruega, pomarrosa de Malaca

Tahitian: ahia Tahiti, ‘ahia-tea, ‘ahia-‘ura

Tongan: fekika, fekika kai

Tuvaluan: apolo Solomona

Ulithian: harafath

Wallisian: kafika, kafika

Woleaian: faliyap

Yapese: arfath, faliap

Habit:  tree

Description:  "A tree to 15 m tall; leaves opposite, elliptic to oblong-obovate, commonly 10-18 cm (or up to 25 cm) long and 6-8 cm (to 12 cm) wide, glossy, glabrous, paler beneath, obscurely punctate, bluntly acuminate, basally acute; petiole to 10 mm long; flowers in cymes on older branches and on the trunk, cymes about 5 cm long; calyx-tube turbinate, about 1 cm long; 4-lobed, lobes rounded, wider than long; petals red, fugacious, 4-8 mm long and slightly wider, concave, obovate; stamens many (c. 125) erect, red, 1-2 cm long; anthers small, yellowish; ovary discoid red apically, style dark red, nearly 2 cm long; fruit obovoid, about 7 x 6 cm, glossy and slightly waxy in appearance, crisp-succulent, red or white or striped, usually 1-seeded, edible; seed large, about 2 cm broad" (Stone, 1970; p. 448).

Habitat/ecology:  In Fiji, "completely naturalized in thickets or dense or open forest from near sea level to an elevation of about 800 m" (Smith, 1985; pp. 352-353). In Hawai‘i, "a Polynesian introduction, now widely naturalized in low elevation mesic to wet sites, primarily mesic valleys, 200-310 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 975-976). In Niue, "common in and near all the villages" (Sykes, 1970; p. 136). In New Caledonia, "est peu commun et apparemment d'introduction récente en Nouvelle-Calédonie" (MacKee, 1994; p. 107). Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 90).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in the tropics, exact native range obscure (GRIN). A Polynesian introduction to Hawai‘i (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 975-976) and much of the Pacific.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 54) "Found in and around most every village".
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34768) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 54) "Found in and around most every village".
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1945) (p. 54) "Found in and around most every village".
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced cultivated	Setchell, William Albert (1924) (p. 64)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 106)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 309 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 21)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 61) Voucher cited: Kanehira 693 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 117) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 71 (NY, PTBG), A. Dores 118 (BISH, NY, PTBG), B. Ekiek 39 (BISH, NY, PTBG), M. Gibbons 1000 (BISH), P. Raynor 119 (NY, PTBG), F. Sohl 3 (NY, PTBG), F. Sohl 23 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 722 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 42821) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43694) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43698) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 43749) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 48898) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ifalik (Ifaluk) Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. (1996) (p. 114)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Smith 305
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Vouchers cited: Garnock-Jones 948, U.S. Expl. Exped.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Smith 7836
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Smith 7498
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4646
Fiji Fiji Islands	Tuvutha Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Bryan 543
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 1052
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Vouchers cited: DA 15780, Smith 6597, Degener & Ordonez 14030
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Vouchers cited: Smith 4303, Gillespie 4252, Horne 914, DA 15665, DF 499 (Damanu 138), Gillespie 2527, DF 556, Degener 15501, St. John 18206, MacDaniels 1056, DA 15563, DA 3858, Seemann 161
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 352-353) Voucher cited: St. John 18124
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 20) Voucher cited: St. John 14461 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39841) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39358) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced abo. intro.	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Voucher cited: Grant 5098
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11552 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 53) Voucher cited: Morris 13 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Voucher cited: Fosberg 61003
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: P. Birnbaum 64 (PAP), J. Florence & P. Birnbaum 9740 (PAP), J. Florence 7795 (PAP), J. Florence 2110 (PAP), J. Florence 4849 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Vouchers cited: Moore 130, BRY 26433
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10364 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10517 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Vouchers cited: Grant 4044, Florence 8669, BRY 25725
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3993 (PAP), J. Florence 8669 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11260 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Naturalisée
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 448) Presence uncertain.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 975-976)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 10) "Rare; young trees planted near Council Hall".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 10) "Occasional; trees near houses, planted for food".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 111)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A18) Rare; few trees planted in private gardens, Mili, Tokewa, Bar, Nallo.
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 175)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (pp. 106-107) Voucher cited: MacKee 19526
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 136) Vouchers cited: CHR 170456, CHR 170459
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 91) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9706 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1992) (voucher ID: BNM 93) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1965) (voucher ID: PTBG 45950) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium malaccense
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago		Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 409) Common, everywhere in gardens and in regrowth.
Papua New Guinea Bougainville Islands	Bougainville Island		Foreman, D. B. (1971) (p. 51)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 170) Cultivated for its edible fruits, although nowhere naturalized.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: R. A. Young 51, St. John 15018
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 73)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15772, Yuncker 15988
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15858
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) "Frequent throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15529
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15178, Yuncker 15265
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (pp. 203-204) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 37)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Morat & Veillon, 1985, cited in Meyer, 2007

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Cultivated but sometimes naturalized in mixed forests in Yunnan.
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 83) Casual
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Cultivated but sometimes naturalized in mixed forests.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	extirpated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 113)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 29)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 55)

Additional information:
Fact sheet from "Common forest trees of Hawaii" (PDF format).
Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database.

Additional online information about Syzygium malaccense is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Syzygium malaccense as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Syzygium malaccense may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1992. Voucher specimen #BNM93(Kepler, A.K. 92-87).

Burkill, I. H. 1900. The flora of Vavau, one of the Tonga Islands, with a short account of its vegetation by Charles Steele Crosby. Lin. Jour. Bot. 35:20-65.

Charles Darwin Foundation. 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos, Ecuador.

Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. 2011. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP). (online resource).

Foreman, D. B. 1971. A check list of the vascular plants of Bougainville, with descriptions of some common forest trees. Botany Bulletin No. 5. Division of Botany, Department of Forests. Lae, New Guinea. 194 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1957. The Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 58. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 37 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.

Little, Elbert L./Skolmen, Roger G. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C. 377 pp. + plates.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2011. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.

Merlin, M./Jano, D./Raynor, W./Keene, T./Juvik, J./Sebastian, B. 1992. Tuhke en Pohnpei: Plants of Pohnpei. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 94 pp. .

Merlin, M./Juvik, J. 1996. Irá me neeniier nón Chuuk: Plants and their Environments in Chuuk. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp. .

Merlin, M./Kigfas, A./Keene, T./Juvik, J. 1996. Giddi nge gakiiy nu Wa‘ab: Plants, People and Ecology in Yap State. Program on Environment, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, 121 pp.

Merrill, Elmer D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 3 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 628 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2007. Rapport de mission sur l'Ile d'Uvea (Wallis & Futuna) du 6 au 17 Novembre 2007: Inventaire preliminaire de la flore vasculaire secondaire [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 39 pp.

Morat, Ph./Veillon, J.-M. 1985. Contribution à la connaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis & Futuna. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 4e sér., 7, section B. Adansonia 3 : 259-329.

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle [France]. 2010. Inventaire national du patrimoine natural [National inventory of natural heritage]. (online resource).

National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2001. Voucher specimen #PTBG34768(David H. Lorence 8771).

Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.

Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. 1983. Vegetation of Frégate Island, Seychelles. In: Sachet, M. H., D. R. Stoddart, and F. R. Fosberg. Floristics and ecology of Western Indian Ocean islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 273. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 253 pp.

Setchell, William Albert. 1924. American Samoa; part I. Vegetation of Tutuila Island. part II. Ethnobotany of the Samoans. part III. Vegetation of Rose Atoll. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. 275 pp. + illus.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Pacific Plant Studies 46. Honolulu, 65 pp. [Privately published].

St. John, Harold. 1988. Census of the Flora of the Gambier Islands, Polynesia. Pacific Plant Studies 43. Honolulu, Hawaii. 34 pp. [Privately published].

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2006. Plants of Kili Island, Marshall Islands. Unpublished checklist. 12 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2007. Arno plants [preliminary working listing of plant species]. Unpublished checklist, 13 pp.

Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian. 2010. Survey of Invasive Plant Species and Other Plants of Mili Atoll, Marshall Islands. USDA Forest Resource Management Grant Program. Unpublished report. 6 pp, plus tabulation of plants of Mili Atoll, 23 pp.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1984. Annotated list of Samoan plant names. Economic Botany 38:464.489.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A. 1991. The ethnobotany of Tonga: The plants, their Tongan names, and their uses. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Botany 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 155 pp. ISBN 0-930897-57-9.

Whistler, W. A. 2000. Plants in Samoan culture: The ethnobotany of Samoa. Isle Botanica. 234 pp. ISB: 0-9645426-6-8.

Wiggins, I. L./Porter, D. M. 1971. Flora of the Galapágos Islands. Stanford University Press. 998 pp.

World Health Organization. 1998. Medical plants in the South Pacific. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila. 254 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1945. Plants of the Manua Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 184. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).