Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Verbenaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject. score: 20 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Until recently this species, prevalent in the Pacific, was known as Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims (Munir, 1992, cited in Wagner et al., 1999), Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl.
Alternative spelling: Stachytarpheta urticaefolia

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: ouchung, sakura

English: blue rat's tail, Brazilian tea, Cayenne snakeweed, Cayenne vervain, dark blue snakeweed, false verbena, joee, nettleleaf velvetberry, rough-leaved false vervain, vervain

Fijian: lavenia, se karakarawa, serakawa, tumbutumbu, turulakaka

French: herbe á chenille, herbe bleue, queue de rat

Hawaiian: ōi

I-Kiribati: te uti

Maori (Cook Islands): tiāki

Niuean: mautofu Samoa, motofu, motofu Samoa

Palauan: louch beluu

Samoan: mautofu, mautofu fualanumoana, mautofu fualanumoana, mautofu tai, mautofu tai, mautofu tala, mautofu tala, mautofu vao, mautofu vao

Spanish: piche de gato, rabo de zorro

Tongan: hiku ‘i kuma, ‘iku ‘i kuma, iku ‘ikumā

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Coarse perennial herbs 8-20 dm tall, sometimes somewhat woody toward base; stems usually weakly erect, intricately branched, very sparsely puberulent.  Leaves opposite, membranous, elliptic to broadly elliptic or ovate, 4-8 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, upper surface rugose, both surfaces glabrous or occasionally lower surface with a few scattered hairs usually along the veins and margins, margins sharply and coarsely serrate, the teeth conspicuously divergent, apex acute, base cuneate, petioles 0.5-2 cm long.  Spikes slender, rachis flexuous to erect or somewhat nodding, 14-40 cm long, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter, the furrows somewhat shallow, nearly as wide as the rachis, bracts lanceolate, ca. 7 mm long; calyx ca. 7 mm long, the teeth subequal; corolla usually dark purplish blue with a paler center, the tube 7-8 mm long."  (Wagner et al., 1999).

An erect, sparsely-branched shrub with dark green bulate leaves, greenish spikes, and dark lavender flowers.  Leaves usually 4-10 cm long, ovate-elliptic, or ovate; leaf teeth ciliate; spikes 20-40 cm long (Stone, 1970).  Fruit a nutlet in a drupe, enclosed by a persistent calyx (Haselwood, 1966).

"Stachytarpheta jamaicensis hybridizes with S. cayennensis.  In general, the hybrids resemble S. jamaicensis more closely than S. cayennensis, but the corollas are darker in color than typical in S. jamaicensis, the habit is more erect, and the leaves are usually more ovate, darker green, and with more divergent teeth similar to S. cayennensis (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1323-1324).

Similar species: S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl (common names: blue porterweed, joee). S. jamaicensis is more a weed of openings and roadsides while S. cayennensis  is more shade-tolerant and will invade into forests. However, the two species are known to hybridize (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1323-1324).

Wunderlin, 1998; p. 524:

S. jamaicensis: Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, scariously margined mostly above the middle; leaf teeth obtuse.
S. cayennensis: Floral bracts lanceolate-subulate, scariously margined below the middle; leaf teeth acute.

Smith, 2002; pp. 42-43:

S. australis:  Lower leaf surfaces, rachis and calyx hairy; flowers pale blue or almost white.
S. cayennensis:  Lower leaf surfaces, rachis and calyx hairless; rachis slender 1-3 mm diameter; leaves membranous; flowers blue to almost white.
S. jamaicensis:  Lower leaf surface, rachis and calyx hairless; rachis stout, 3-5 mm diameter; leaves fleshy; flowers mauve, blue, violet or purple.

In the Pacific region, the flowers of S. jamaicensis generally seem to be of a more violet color rather than blue (photo).

Habitat/ecology:  "A common and important weed of crops, pastures, plantations, roadsides and wasteland, and also occurs as a minor weed in most other places.  It grows best in deep, moist, fertile, disturbed soil" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 18).  "Invades forests and pastures in mesic to wet areas.  Readily invades disturbed areas, often forming dense stands in high-rainfall areas.  Also persists in lower densities in dry areas"  (Motooka et al., 2003). Tolerates drought.

In New Guinea, "a weed of roadsides, waste land and pastures; both this and S. jamaicensis are unpalatable to livestock, and so may outgrow useful species in heavily-grazed pasture. From low altitudes to about 2000 m" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 160).  In Hawai‘i, "most frequently naturalized in shaded, mesic, disturbed sites, 15-200 m"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1323-1324).  In Fiji, "an abundantly naturalized weed at elevations from near sea level to about 850 m in clearings, coconut plantations, and pastures, along trails and roadsides, and on reed-covered slopes"  (Smith, 1991; pp. 170-171). In Tonga, "a common roadside and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; pp. 230-231). In New Caledonia, "commune comme plante rudérale et dans les pâturages où certains éleveurs lui accordent quelque valeur fourragère, d'autres le traitant de mauvaise herbe gênante" (MacKee, 1994; p. 140). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 167).

Propagation:  "Usually spread intentionally as ornamental plants.  Seeds are also dispersed on vehicles, by the movement of soil in refuse from gardens and by rainwater.  In Queensland [Australia] they have been spread in fodder, hay and in contaminated pasture seed."  (Smith, 2002; pp. 42-43).

Native range:  Tropical America, but now pantropical.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 41)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 43)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 47) S. jamaicensis also present.
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) S. jamaicensis also present. Vouchers cited: Garber 656, Yuncker 9026
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 187735) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1939) (voucher ID: BISH 187736) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Whistler 3364
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430264) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38) S. jamaicensis also present.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 187729) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 6)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438409) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438430) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 59)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 82008) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 9)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 187756) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 187787) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 7)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fanurmot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633402) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 7)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 571494) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Namoluk (Nómwunuuk) Atoll		Marshall, Mae/Fosberg, F. R. (1975) (p. 45) Voucher cited: Marshall 66 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Param Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 652546) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Udot Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 652544) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (p. 7)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81694) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 187786) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Beqa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 448429) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Smith 11
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1933) (voucher ID: BISH 187802) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 772
Fiji Fiji Islands	Mbengga Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Weiner 208
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Smith 7946
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ngau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187804) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Smith 7734
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187803) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 637933) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Gillespie 4651.3
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 187805) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Vouchers cited: DA 5018, DA 10466, Degener & Ordonez 14212
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 33731) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 992
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 699122) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 170-171) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 420, DA 9684, Smith 4317, Gibbs 812, DA 10178, H.B.R. Parham 132, DA 10538, Greenwood 13A, DA 10816, DA 3941, DA 9966, DA 10582, DA 10999, Bryan 201
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 33729) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1956) (voucher ID: BISH 33730) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 33732) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 187799) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1940) (voucher ID: BISH 187800) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 187801) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297) Voucher cited: Grant 5251
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643419) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297) Voucher cited: Cartier 255
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 187744) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 491616) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Sachet 949 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297) Voucher cited: Moore 229
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491636) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642429) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Manuae (Scilly) Atoll (Society Islands)	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 152)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 152)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297) Vouchers cited: Tyron & Tilden 417, Setchell & Parks 120
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493162) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 493174) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297) Voucher cited: Sachet 1984
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 22) Voucher cited: Sachet 1984 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633897) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 633943) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll		Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 33)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 35) Voucher cited: Sachet 2053 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 541738) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Toau (Tovau) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642919) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Islands	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (pp. 296-297)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553651) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 553128) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 508) Voucher cited: Stone 5141 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 81866) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1322-1324, 1896)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1322-1324, 1896)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1322-1324, 1896) Voucher cited: Hillebrand & Lydgate s.n. (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1322-1324, 1896)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1322-1324, 1896) Voucher cited: Forbes s. n. (BISH)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) As Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 30)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 80539) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 52) as Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Voucher cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54896 (US, HAW, K)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 402122) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 426303) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 453013) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced invasive	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 55)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 37)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 39476 (US), Fosberg 41383 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 38819) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 38831) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 421874) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 207) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58632 (US), Scully 109N (US), Thaman & Manner 12 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9543 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: MacKee 19440
New Caledonia Récifs D'Entrecasteaux (D'Entrecasteaux Reefs)	Île Surprise	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: MacKee 31444
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: MacKee 27241
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Maré	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: Sarasin 513 (Z)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: Däniker 2229
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: MacKee 45874
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: Hmakone & Sam in MacKee 25843
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive cultivated	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 383) Commune comme plante rudérale et dans les pâturages.
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 187797) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Vouchers cited: (as S. cayennensis) Grunow s.n. (W), Buchholz 1612, MacKee 4502, MacKee 20307, MacKee 38568; (as S. urticaefolia) Balansa 511, Cribs 653, MacKee 43591
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 10849) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 140) Voucher cited: Baumann 13354
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 215) Voucher cited: CHR 169883
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 40)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 6)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 49)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 101) Misidentified as Stachytarpheta indica Vahl per Sykes (1970). Voucher cited: Yuncker 10024 (BISH) "In waste areas, but as yet not common".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 10)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Kayangel (Ngcheangel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 89)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81671) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 81675) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 81619) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 420262) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 571579) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 91)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 81672) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 567731) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 571944) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Urukthapel Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngidech Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 160)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 100408) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 603952) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 609004) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 8)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28512) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 28555) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1893) (voucher ID: BISH 187732) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 187734) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 418001) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 439224) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 110)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 81) Voucher cited: Coakaia 302
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 440421) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Kotu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 640421) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1959) (voucher ID: BISH 41352) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka and Foa Islands	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 651865) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000868) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	‘Uiha Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 231) "Common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 81) Voucher cited: Soakai 969 (EI)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 81) Vouchers cited: Lawrence 38, Lawrence 56, Soakai 602, Soakai 811
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 231) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15105
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 18833) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 41386) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 187737) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1958) (voucher ID: BISH 699123) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 611043) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 1000767) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 10)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 81) Voucher cited: Soakai 804
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 30)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 573737) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 238)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Sachet 901 (US)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Aneityum Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1903) (voucher ID: BISH 187794) Taxon name on voucher: Stachytarpheta urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Alofi Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Futuna (Horne) Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis Island	introduced invasive	Orapa, Warea (2005)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 40)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 107) "Potential invader". Secondary vegetation.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 351)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 42-43)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 42-43)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 351)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 351)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 351)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Topp, J. M. W. (1988) (p. 12)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Naturalisé"
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 421)

Comments:  A declared noxious weed in the Northern Territory, Australia (Smith, 2002; pp. 42-43).

A problem weed in French Polynesia. Very prevalent in the Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002), American Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2000), Niue (Space & Flynn, 2000), Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2002) and Tonga (Space & Flynn, 2001).

Control: 

Physical:  "Controlled by chipping or cultivation.  Suppressed by slashing and competition from vigorous pasture species" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 30).  "Goats will not browse joee (An Peischel).  Grubbing or pulling with care to remove larger roots can control scattered plants"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Probably controlled by translocated herbicides, including 2,4-D and glyphosate at standard rates.  It should be susceptible to wick-wiping with glyphosate"  (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 30).  "Sensitive to foliar application of 1 lb/acre of 2,4-D or MCPA.  Less sensitive to other hormone-type herbicides, although it has been reported that drizzle application of triclopyr in water was effective in trials on Palau"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Biological: Possible biocontrol agents are discussed by Waterhouse and Norris (1987).

Additional information:  Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Stachytarpheta cayennensis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Stachytarpheta cayennensis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1893. Voucher specimen #BISH 187732 (Reinecke 19).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1903. Voucher specimen #BISH 187794 (Seale, A.; collector's voucher number unknown).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 187735 (Garber, D.W. 656).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 187801 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 201).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1928. Voucher specimen #BISH 187805 (Gillespie, J.W. 4651.3).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 187734 (Christophersen, E. 156).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 187756 (Wilder, G.P. 713).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1933. Voucher specimen #BISH 187802 (Smith, A.C. 11).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1939. Voucher specimen #BISH 187736 (Yuncker, T.G. 9026).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1940. Voucher specimen #BISH 187800 (Degener, O. 13505).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 420262 (Fosberg, F.R. 25655).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 421874 (St.John, H. 21728).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 571579 (Fosberg, F.R. 25655).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 187787 (Wong, C.C.Y. 256).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 187799 (Smith, A.C. 4317).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 187786 (Wong, C.C.Y. 307).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 187797 (Buchholz, J.T. 1613).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 10849 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 1578).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 571494 (Anderson, D. 2075).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 571944 (Fosberg, F.R. 31959).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187737 (Yuncker, T.G. 15105).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187803 (Smith, A.C. 7734).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 187804 (Smith, A.C. 7946).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 33730 (Nand, S. 10538).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1956. Voucher specimen #BISH 33731 (Koroiveibau, D. 10466).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 33729 (Koroiveibau, D. 10743).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 33732 (Ledua, M.K. 10999).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 18833 (Lawrence, E. 38).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 38831 (Fosberg, F.R. 39476).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 41386 (Lawrence, E. 56).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 187729 (Wisner, A.W. 9).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1958. Voucher specimen #BISH 699123 (Lawrence, E. 38).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1959. Voucher specimen #BISH 41352 (Soakai, E. 302).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 38819 (Fosberg, F.R. 41383).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81671 (Fosberg, F.R. 47574).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81672 (Fosberg, F.R. 47619).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 81694 (Evans, M. 1391).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 567731 (Fosberg, F.R. 47619).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 81619 (Hardy, S. 38).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 187744 (Smith, H.M. 125).