Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 18 (Go to the risk assessment).

Other Latin names:  Agrostis indica L.; Axonopus poiretii Roem. & Schult.; Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton [= Sporobolus indicus var. major]; Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: shu wei su

Chuukese: fatil

English: dropseed, rat's tail grass, smut grass, West Indian dropseed, wire grass

Maori (Cook Islands): matie ngāngā‘ere

Spanish: esporóobolo

Tongan: fisihina

Habit:  grass

Description:  "Perennials; culms densely tufted, erect, 5-10 dm tall, unbranched, glabrous.  Sheaths glabrous except for the ciliolate upper margin; ligule a minute ciliolate fringe, 0.1-0.3 mm long; blades 13-35 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, flat, sparsely pilose near base, otherwise glabrous.  Panicles solitary, terminal, spike-like, cylindrical, 15-33 cm long, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, branches 1-4 cm long, strongly ascending, appressed; spikelets grayish, numerous, short-pedicellate, laterally compressed, 1.5-2 mm long, usually not disarticulting; glumes unequal, first glume rounded, 0.5-1 mm long, nerveless, apex erose, second glume ovate, 0.9-1.5 mm long, faintly 1-nerved, apex acute to rounded, erose; lemma ovate, 2.1-2.5 mm long, faintly 1-nerved, glabrous, apex acute; palea membranous, 1.8-2 mm long, glabrous, nerveless, apex rounded to obtuse, slightly creased.  Fruit brown, oblong-cuboid, truncate, glistening"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1597, 1913).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "Grass- and heathland, pine forests, riparian habitats, coastal scrub and dunes.  This grass is a highly variable species with several varieties within the native range.  Where invasive, the grass forms a dense cover eliminating native vegetation and preventing regeneration of shrubs and trees.  The grass produces large amounts of dead biomass promoting the occurrence of wildfires"  (Weber, 2003; p. 420).  It is a common grass in hot areas. It also grows well in environment of variable humidity (Ecoport).  "Spreads in areas where there is traffic and the soil has been compacted.  A tough, unpalatable grass that reduces pasture productivity and is particularly aggressive in wet and swampy soils"  (Motooka et al., 2003). 

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed areas, 0-1,890 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1597). In New Caledonia, "introduit depuis longtemps. Répandu et très commun comme mauvaise herbe" (MacKee, 1994; p. 63). "In fields, along roadsides, and in waste places" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 879-880).

Propagation:  "It reproduces from seeds.  Seed production is prolific and seeds are mainly dispersed by attaching to animals.  A large seed bank accumulates in the soil"  (Weber, 2003; p. 420).

Native range:  Neotropics, now widely naturalized in tropical regions (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1597).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3329
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Lamoureux 3064
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	native	Skottsberg, Carl (1953) (p. 65)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive	Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John (2011)
Chile (offshore islands) Juan Fernández Islands	Isla Más a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island)	introduced invasive cultivated	Danton, Philippe/Perrier, Christophe/Martinez Reyes, Guido (2006) (pp. 500, 546, 558) Voucher cited: Danton I(5/350)1691. "En RC, lo encontramos en el pasto de un único jardine del pueblo de San Juan Bautista.  Es probable que esta especie, a la vista de su capacidad invasora, se disemina y se añade a la larga lista de gramineas introducidas en el archipiélago".
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) S. fertilis (Steudel) Clayton. Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58843
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 667794) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 14) S. fertilis Vouchers cited: Moore 354 (US), Moore 355 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 635217) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 1000080) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1968) (voucher ID: BISH 588711) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 572174) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 572175) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588712) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 77) Voucher: Flynn 7101 (PTBG, BISH, K)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 81909) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415857) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2002) (voucher ID: PTBG 396) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 618336) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011) ?
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 71)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 126930) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 614724) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664831) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Param Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 432319) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. Voucher specimen) Sporobolus fertilis Voucher: BMW 5746 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 504056) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 588714) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Fiji Fiji Islands	Rotuma Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1938) (voucher ID: BISH 619071) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 307-308) Vouchers cited: DA 5774, DA 8788
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126960) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1979) (pp. 307-308) Vouchers cited: DA 2850, DA 8653, DA 7322, DA 7838, DA 7847, DA 7858, DA 9065, DA 7724, DA 7772, DA 8438;
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 126957) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000701) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton. Voucher cited: W. L. Wagner, D. H. Lorence 6248 (BISH, PTBG, US)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 9175) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton. Voucher cited: K. R. Wood 6512 (PTBG, US)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Voucher cited: Krauss 655
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 585366) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 619016) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64922
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 15) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton; vouchers cited: Fosberg 64802 (US), Fosberg 64889 (US, BISH), Fosberg 64922 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 599809) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 614964) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Voucher cited: Florence 2172
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 491713) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 24) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton; voucher cited: Sachet 925 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Vouchers cited: Moore 38, BRY 26432, BRY 26461
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 642320) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38266) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 63560, BRY 26521
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 607526) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 346) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 150, Grant 3648
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus (C. Linnaeus) R. Brown var. pyramidalis (A.M.F.J. Palisot) J.F. Veldkamp. Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492118) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 585355) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 38274) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 37) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major). Vouchers cited: Fosberg 63790 (US), Fosberg & Sachet 54596 (US), Fosberg 63774 (US), Raynal 18022 (P)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1985) (voucher ID: PTBG 41080) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3041 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492111) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced invasive	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 40)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 14) as S. fertilis. Voucher cited: Sachet 2074 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus elongatus R. Brown. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 7022 (PAP), J. Florence 7086 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tuamotu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3041 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus (C. Linnaeus) R. Brown var. pyramidalis (A.M.F.J. Palisot) J.F. Veldkamp. Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11168 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 643960) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus (C. Linnaeus) R. Brown var. pyramidalis (A.M.F.J. Palisot) J.F. Veldkamp. Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1984) (voucher ID: BISH 493208) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus var. major (L.H. Buse) G.J. Baaijens Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus var. major (L.H. Buse) G.J. Baaijens. Voucher cited: J. Florence 5517 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 581517) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Sporobolus indicus var. major (L.H. Buse) G.J. Baaijens Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 414365) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 440202) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 440204) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 440205) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 440206) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 452153) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 588713) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649445) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000134) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1597)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1912)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1597)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1597)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	native	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. Voucher specimen) S. fertilis. Voucher: Imada 2003-59 (BISH 697674)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 402248) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697674) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1972) (voucher ID: PTBG 23098) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: BISH 31248) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 89) S. fertilis. Voucher cited: Whistler 11208.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 53) as S. fertilis
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 63)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97) S. indicus vars. creber & major
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 381) Largement répandue et très commune comme mauvaise herbe.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 63) Voucher cited: Vieillard 1496
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 63)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) ?S. fertilis (Steudel) Clayton
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 47)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 95)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 88)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton. Voucher: Lorence 9739 (PTBG, BNM, NY, US)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 561285) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1979) (voucher ID: BNM 1075) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayt.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1979) (voucher ID: BNM 1161) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayt.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 31) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton. Voucher: Lorence 9834 (PTBG, BNM)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 128) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 428423) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1977) (voucher ID: BNM 10017) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayt.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton. Voucher: Lorence 9713 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3121) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 6) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 61) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 91)
Palau Rock Islands	Bab el Omekang Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Bkul a Chesemiich Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngchelobel Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngeanges Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92) Neco
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 92)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	native	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) S. indicus var. major. As S. fertilis. Voucher: Lorence 9871 (PTBG, BNM, NY)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 164) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	native	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 94)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1994) (voucher ID: BISH 659852) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 69) var. fertilis.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10770 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643161) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Voucher cited: Bristol 2468
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 28992) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 417876) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Mbanika Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 1002398) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 110)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 645869) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 651852) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000902) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 1000903) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1921) (voucher ID: BISH 126952) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Both S. indicus and S. indicus var. major.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15622
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 126949) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126951) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Both S. indicus and S. indicus var. major.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 29
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 126948) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Both S. indicus and S. indicus var. major.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15991
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuafo‘ou Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126950) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P.Beauv.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Both S. indicus and S. indicus var. major.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 54) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 327, Hürlimann 647
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Niuatoputapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 429359) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1597)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 17)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 51709) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 51710) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: BISH 190930) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1987) (voucher ID: BISH 573415) Taxon name on voucher: Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands	introduced	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 57) Both S. indicus and S. indicus var. major.

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) Naturalized.
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 77) as S. fertilis.
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Queensland Herbarium (2002) (p. 8) As Sporobolus fertilis
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 350)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steudel) Clayton. Roadsides, field margins, grassy places on hill slopes, moist ground of mountain valleys.
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 348) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) W. D. Clayton
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 350)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (p. 69) var. fertilis
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 127)
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 350)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	native	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 81) Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens, common
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) As Sporobolus fertilis (Steudel) Clayton. Roadsides, field margins, grassy places on hill slopes, moist ground of mountain valleys.
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. plate)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 21) as S. fertilis (S. indicus var. major)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38) as S. fertilis (Steud.) Clayton

Comments:  The taxonomy of this species is confused. Some taxonomists list S. diander as a separate species, others say it is synonymous with S. indicus (Whistler, 1988; p. 57). Whistler (1988; p. 57) lists S. fertilis as a separate species, while the GRIN database says it is a synonym of S. indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens. Some authors list S. pyramidalis as a separate species (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1597) while GRIN lists it as Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. pyramidalis (P. Beauv.) Veldkamp. The combined presence in the Pacific of these species is listed above.
Includes Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Büse) Baaijens (=Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton)

Control: 

Physical:  "Small individuals can be removed manually"  (Weber, 2003; p. 420).  "Short-duration, intensive grazing and measures to avoid soil compaction are probably required for economical control of the smutgrasses in pastures"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Chemical:  "Chemical control is done by spraying with hexazinone, 2,2-DPA, or amitrole plus atrazine.  Spraying with flupropanate before seed heads appear gives good selective control"  (Weber, 2003; p. 420).  "Sensitive to glyphosate.  Wipe-on applications suppress dropseed without injuring lower-growing plants"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Excerpt from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).
Photo at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants.
Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia. (PDF format).

Additional online information about Sporobolus indicus is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Sporobolus indicus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Sporobolus indicus may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Atkinson, Rachel/Sawyer, John. 2011. Naturalized species in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. Unpublished spreadsheet.

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1977. Voucher specimen #BNM10017(Otobed, D.O. PW-10017).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1979. Voucher specimen #BNM1075(Canfield, J.E. 700).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1979. Voucher specimen #BNM1161(Canfield, J.E. 760).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3121(Timberlake, J. 3121).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 452153 (Thompson, J.B. 87).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 440202 (Nelson, P. 294).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 440204 (Nelson, P. 209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 440205 (Nelson, P. 294).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1918. Voucher specimen #BISH 440206 (Nelson, P. 209).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1921. Voucher specimen #BISH 126952 (McKern, W.C. 70).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 126957 (J.W.Gillespie 3576).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 126930 (Wilder, G.P. 1057).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1938. Voucher specimen #BISH 619071 (St.John, H. 19415).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126960 (A.C.Smith 6700).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126950 (Yuncker, T.G. 15991).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126951 (Yuncker, T.G. 15622).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 588713 (Fosberg, F.R. 35282).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 126948 (Hotta, M. 5646).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1960. Voucher specimen #BISH 126949 (Hotta, M. 5180).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 51709 (Long, C.R. 2857).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 51710 (Long, C.R. 1782).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 190930 (Long, C.R. 1782).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 31248 (Adair, F. GBLT/9I/FA).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1968. Voucher specimen #BISH 588711 (Fosberg, F.R. 50549).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 28992 (Bristol, M.L. 2468).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 81909 (Stoddart, D.R. 2264).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1972. Voucher specimen #BISH 402248 (Herbst, D.R. 2527).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1974. Voucher specimen #BISH 417876 (Whistler, W.A. W1853).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 414365 (Lamoureux, C.H. 4862).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 429359 (Kirch, P.V. 249).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415857 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1484).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 428423 (Otobed, D.O. PW-10017).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 432319 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3055).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1978. Voucher specimen #BISH 504056 (Stemmermann, R.L. 3543).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 561285 (Canfield, J.E. 760).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 618336 (N.Krauss 1634).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1979. Voucher specimen #BISH 619016 (N.Krauss 1657).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588712 (Fosberg, F.R. 59890).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1980. Voucher specimen #BISH 588714 (Fosberg, F.R. 60039).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 491713 (Florence, J. 2172).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 581517 (Hallé, N. 7055).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1981. Voucher specimen #BISH 585366 (Fosberg, F.R. 61101).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492111 (Florence, J. 3041).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492118 (Florence, J. 2516).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 585355 (Fosberg, F.R. 62755).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607526 (Fosberg, F.R. 63560).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 645869 (G.Buelow 2575).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 651852 (Buelow, G. 2778).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000902 (G.Buelow 2778).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000903 (G.Buelow 2574).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649445 (Herbst, D.R. 7188).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000134 (Herbst, D.R. 7188).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 493208 (Florence, J. 6284).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 572174 (Raulerson, L. 8406).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 572175 (Raulerson, L. 8407).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 635217 (Herbst, D.R. 7237).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 667794 (Herbst, D.R. 7478).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1984. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000080 (Herbst, D.R. 7237).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 599809 (Fosberg, F.R. 64922).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614964 (Fosberg, F.R. 64802).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1987. Voucher specimen #BISH 573415 (Herbst, D.R. 8849).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000701 (W.L.Wagner 6211).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 614724 (Sykes, W.R. 466764).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 642320 (Florence 10434).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 643161 (Florence 10770).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664831 (Sykes, W.R. 474384).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 1002398 (Herbst, D.R. s.n.).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 643960 (Florence 11212).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1994. Voucher specimen #BISH 659852 (Herbst, D.R. 9648).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 2003. Voucher specimen #BISH 697674 (C.Imada 2003-59).

Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

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