Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, Asteraceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results: 

Reject, score: 6 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
High risk, score: 13 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific))

Other Latin names:  Thelechitonia trilobata (L.) H. Rob. & Cautrec.; Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: atiat

English: Singapore daisy, creeping ox-eye, trailing daisy, wedelia

Kosraean: rosrangrang

Marshallese: ut mõkadkad, ut telia

Palauan: ngesil ra ngebard

Pohnpeian: dihpwoangoahng suwed, ngkahu, tuhke ongohng

Tongan: ‘anselmo

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Creeping, mat-forming perennial herbs; stems rounded, rooting at the nodes, 1-3 (-4) dm long, the flowering portions ascending, coarsely strigose to spreading hirsute, sometimes subglabrous.  Leaves fleshy, usually 4-9 cm long, (1.5-) 2-5 cm wide, irregularly toothed or serrate, usually with a pair of lateral lobes.  Peduncles 3-10 cm long; involucre campanulate-hemispherical, ca. 1 cm high; chaffy bracts lanceolate, rigid; ray florets often 8-13 per head, rays 6-15 mm long; disk corollas 4-5 mm long; pappus a crown of short fimbriate scales.  Achenes tuberculate, 4-5 mm long, few achenes maturing in cultivated plants in Hawai‘i"  (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 373-374).

"A glabrous to hairy creeping herb with decumbent and often branching stems of 10-40 cm length, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves are somewhat flesh, opposite, sessile or with short petioles, 4-10 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, three to five-lobed or irregularly dentate. The central lobe is broad ant the lateral lobes are narrower. Flowerheads of 2-4 cm diameter are borne solitary on axillary peduncles of 3-11 cm length. Flowerheads have c. 10 yellow ray florets and numerous yellow disk florets. The involucral scales are elliptic-oblong and 8-12 mm long. Ligules of ray florets are c. 10 mm long. Fruits are achenes of 3.5-5 mm length, ovoid, with a pappus consisting of irregular and short scales." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)

Habitat/ecology:  "This creeping and mat-forming herb grows in dense patches suppressing native plants and preventing their regenerations. It established especially well in disturbed sites and prevents the establishment of native plants. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water. Little is known on the ecology of this plant." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)

"The plant thrives in open areas with well-drained, moist soil, but it can tolerate dry periods" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998). Open areas with well-drained soil up to 700 m or more in elevation (up to 1300 m in French Polynesia). A noxious weed in agricultural areas, along roadsides and trails, in open lots, waste places and garbage dumps and other disturbed sites. Also naturalized and invasive along streams, canals, along the borders of mangroves and in coastal strand vegetation. (Thaman, 1999) Forms a dense ground cover, crowding out or preventing regeneration of other species. Cultivated as an ornamental.

"In the wet tropics region of northern Queensland [Australia], the plant is becoming increasingly common along the edges of rainforests, on roadsides and other disturbed areas.  In south-east Queensland and coastal north New South Wales, it has invaded riparian vegetation and disturbed areas of coastal sand dunes."  (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 201).

Propagation:  Usually vegetatively, but Bill Sykes reports observing mature achenes on plants (pers. com.). Stems form new plants where they touch the ground and pieces readily take root. Commonly spread by dumping of garden waste.

"Seeds are dispersed by wind and water." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)

Native range:  "Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean; now grown almost worldwide in tropical and other warm places"  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 165).

Native to: Mexico; tropical South America; Caribbean. (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)

Impacts and invaded habitats:  "Pinelands, riparian habitats, wetland edges, coastal dunes, disturbed sites." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. Field notes.)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1972) (voucher ID: BISH 83847) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1992) (voucher ID: PTBG 48583) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 7)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 593395) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Saipan	Saipan Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 593620) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 13)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 13)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 665083) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665339) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 665340) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Pis Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1993) (voucher ID: BISH 633457) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 61) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 153 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Mazawa, Thomas R. (2000) (pp. 7, 30)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane/Waguk, Erick E. (2000) (p. 6) Voucher: BMW 5762 (BISH, BRI)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 13) Voucher cited: Lorence 7864 (PTBG) Invasive
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2000) (voucher ID: BISH 687682) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21073) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24672) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Sanney, Jacob A. (2013) (p. 19) KCSO target species 2013
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 3823 (NY), M.J. Balick 3856 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 4028 (NY, PTBG), T.W. Flynn 6255 (AD, NY, PTBG, US), D.H. Lorence 8057 (MO, NY, PTBG, US) Invasive
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1980) (voucher ID: BISH 505203) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 33554) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola triloba (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2026) (voucher ID: PTBG 34871) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola triloba (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 24622) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 27787) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 293)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Falanruw, Marjorie (1999) (p. Field notes.)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R. (1999) (p. 3)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 7432 (PAP), J. Florence, D.H. Lorence & W.L. Wagner 9507 (PAP), Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 545498) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 601880) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000349) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1000350) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: BISH 1002250) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 4133 (PAP), J. Florence 4193 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 558046) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2003) (voucher ID: PTBG 39490) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: K.R. Wood & S.P. Perlman 6403 (PAP) Naturalisé
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 28584) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11711 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 649993) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 82) Voucher cited: Florence 2126
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 2126 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1981) (voucher ID: BISH 492782) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 82) Vouchers cited: BRY 24831, BRY 25408
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 10420 (PAP), J. Florence 3495 (PAP), J. Florence 3681 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491380) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 644386) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 19)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 54)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 24) Voucher cited: Sachet 1967 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Hao (Hau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Moruroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 82)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1974) (voucher ID: BISH 599630) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 293)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 95)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 210) Voucher cited: Fosberg & Moore 58195 (US, BISH)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1978) (voucher ID: BISH 438141) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Imada, Clyde T./Staples, George W./Herbst, Derral R. (2000) (p. 10) Voucher cited: C. Imada & T. Cummings 99-14 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (pp. 20-21) Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H100633 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H120650 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank L./Bartlett, Randal T. (2002) (p. 4) Vouchers cited: (West Maui) Oppenheimer H99927 (BISH), Oppenheimer H80013 (BISH); (East Maui) Flynn & From 2543 (BISH), Oppenheimer & J. Price H30007 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Oppenheimer, Hank (2007) (pp. 20-21) Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H110606 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H120616 (BISH, PTBG), Oppenheimer H120630 (BISH, PTBG)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 12) Voucher: Imada 2003-65 (BISH 697680)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697680) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (pp. 9, 12) Voucher: Imada 2003-40 (BISH 697655)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (2003) (voucher ID: BISH 697655) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 293)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 210) Voucher cited: Lamberson 29 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 293)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 39) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 48067, Whistler 11211
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 210) Voucher cited: Fosberg 58067 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 43931) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 5) "Common; around homes, in former Agriculture station, escaping into ruderal areas ".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 4) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0630200904
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 72)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Mili (Mile) Atoll	introduced invasive	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2010) (p. A11) Occasional; near runway, by some residences and other buildings on Mili.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll	introduced	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2009) (p. 2) Voucher cited: Vander Velde 0515200909
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2009) (voucher ID: PTBG 49776) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 99)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 102) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58609 (US), Hassall 237 (SUVA)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C. (1980) (p. 210) Voucher cited: Fosberg 58609 (US)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 39) Vouchers cited: MacKee 28336, MacKee 41221
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 655114) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 6)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 8) Subject of eradication program.
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 1001361) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Kayangel Atoll	Kayangel Islet	introduced invasive	Miles, Joel (2015) (p. 2) ref cites other taxa as "Cultivated," but not this one, so implication is that this taxon was found in a non-cultivated situation (PT@PhilipT.com/20170602)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 88)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 87)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 610707) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 610717) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 611191) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1996) (voucher ID: BISH 650941) Taxon name on voucher: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 1000102) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1991) (voucher ID: BNM 9570) Taxon name on voucher: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 83)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 83)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 83)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 11, 91)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Peleliu (Beliliou) Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 12)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 11)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 11)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Nukunonu Atoll	introduced invasive	? (year unknown) Mike Thorsen, pers. com.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 9)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Thaman, R. R. (1999)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 373-374, 1864)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 201)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 201)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Central America Central America (Pacific rim)	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 290)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 190) As Wedelia trilobata Hitchc.
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 81) Naturalised
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Colombia	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
South America (Pacific rim) South America (Pacific rim)	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Ching-I Peng, ed. (2013) "Occasionally naturalized on slopes and along roadsides at lower elevations".

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 131)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2013)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	United States (other states)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013) Louisiana
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)

Comments:  This species was previously widely known as Wedelia trilobata.

Becoming established on Niue (Space & Flynn, 2000). Established at several places on Tongatapu, Tonga (Space & Flynn, 2001). Planted and naturalizing at a number of locations throughout Samoa (Space & Flynn, 2002). Becoming established on Rarotonga and a single cultivated location on ‘Atiu, Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Can cause itching or contact dermatitis if handled and is a hazard to children and pets  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 165).

Control:  Physical:  "Physical removal can be effective if used repeatedly for an extended period, but is very labor intensive"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 27).

Chemical:  "Sensitive to dicamba and 2,4-D, but probably best at a minimum of 2 lb/acre.  Sensitive to triclopyr in crop oil applied by the drizzle method but probably at 2 lb/acre or more"  (Motooka et al., 2003).  "Herbicides such as triclopyr (Garlon 4) or glyphosate (Roundup) can be used as a foliar spray"  (Englberger, 2009; p. 27).

"Here in Queensland, Australia Wedelia has become a widespread problem plant. A metsulfuron methyl herbicide (600g/kg) has been registered for spraying the weed. The mixing rate is 10g/100L of water plus a surfactant. This gives good control, but it is important to follow-up with touch up treatments to pick up the underground stems which were missed first time round."  (Greg Brown, Queensland Department of Natural Resources, communications to Aliens listserver).

"Specific control methods for this species are not available. Seedlings and small plants may be hand pulled or dug out, larger stands treated with herbicides." (Invasive Plants of the World (Weber, 2003), p. 419)