(L.) Moench, Poaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results:
Evaluate, score: 5 (Go to the risk assessment (Australia))
Low risk (based on second screen), score:
6 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
High risk (ssp. drummondii), score: 17.5 (Go to the risk assessment (Pacific)).
Reject (grain sorghum), score: 7 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida))).
Reject (shattercane), score: 18 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S.(Florida))).
Accept (sweet) (based on second screen),
score: 3 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S.)).
Accept (sweet) (based on second screen),
score: 2 (Go to the risk assessment (U.S. (Florida))).
Other Latin names: Holcus bicolor L.; Sorghum bicolor nothosubsp. drummondii; Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf
Common name(s): [more details]
Chinese: gao liang |
English: Kaffir-corn, broom corn, durra, forage sorghum, gooseneck sorgho, grain sorghum, great millet, milo, shallu, shattercane, sweet sorghum, wildcane |
French: gros mil, sorgho, sorgho vulgaire |
Maori (Cook Islands): tarapi |
Marshallese: korn |
Spanish: daza, maiz milo, mijo, millo, sorgo, sorgo forrajero |
Tongan: kola |
Habit: grass
Description: "Annual with broad blades up to 30-60 cm long, 4-8 cm wide; the midrib prominent and pale; panicle stiffly erect; sessile spikelets broadly obovate 4-5.5 mm long, 3-4.5 mm wide, subglobose at maturity; upper lemma awned; glumes coriaceous; caryopsis plump, about 4 mm long, barely as broad, yellow to orange or reddish, exposed distally." (Stone, 1970)"Robust annuals; culms 10-30 dm tall, nodes puberulent to short-pilose. Sheaths glabrous, compressed, keeled; ligule chartaceous, 1.5-5.5 mm long, apex rounded, ciliate; blades flat, (12-) 20-40 (-52) mm wide, midrib well-developed, margins scabrous. Panicles dense and compact, 10-25 (-35) cm long, branches numerous, ascending to appressed, pilose, angled, the angles keeled, winged, ciliate; sessile spikelet broadly ovate, 4-6 (-6.5) mm long, apex acute, glumes subequal, first glume glossy black, rounded, usually appressed hirsute, nerves 9-11, the nerves prominent at apex, second glume narrower, slightly keeled, 3-nerved at apex, first floret sterile, the lemma 3.8-5 mm long, hyaline, faintly nerved, margins ciliate, apex acute, second floret perfect, the lemma 3.9-4.3 mm long, hyaline, apex bifid, fimbriate, bearing a geniculate awn 5-8.5 (-11) mm long, terminal segment of awn short, 2-4 mm long, twisted in lower part, the palea 2.5-3 mm long, hyaline, nerveless, long-ciliate; pedicellate spikelets usually sterile, rarely staminate, narrowly lanceolate, 3.8-5 (-6) mm long, pedicel 0.7-2 mm long, with hairs 0.5-0.7 mm long, glumes subequal, first glume 9-11-nerved, flat to sulcate on back, clasping second glume, the second glume narrow, 3-nerved, appressed hirsute near the margins, lemma and palea 5-6 mm long, hyaline, faintly nerved, margins longciliate. Caryopsis reddish brown to dark brown, spreading the glumes apart at maturity, broadly ovoid to globose, ca. 4 mm long, ca. 3.5 mm wide, somewhat dorsiventrally compressed, styles persistent" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1594).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: "Occasionally cultivated, sparingly naturalized in Guam" (Stone, 1970; p. 239). In Hawaii, "cultivated and sparingly naturalized along roadsides and in abandoned fields, 20-110 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1594).
Propagation: Seed
Native range: Northern Africa.
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
American Samoa
Manua Islands |
Tau Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1990) (voucher ID: PTBG 9110)
Taxon name on voucher: Sorghum sudanense |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60)
Varieties cafer Fosb. & Sachet and rotundulum (Snowden) Fosb. & Sachet |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Voucher cited: Evans 2223 (US); var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Hosaka 3049 (US, BISH) Persisting from cultivation. |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60)
Varieties cafer Fosb. & Sachet and subglobosum (Hack.) Snowden |
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Voucher cited: Herbst & Falanruw 6807 (US); var. subglobosum (Hack.) Snowden; voucher cited: Fosberg 24939 (US, BISH) Persisting from cultivation |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Atiu Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mauke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mitiaro Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2013) | |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: ar. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg & Pelzer 26020 (US, BISH, MO, BRI, L) Persisting from cultivation |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Ulithi Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Woleai Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Woleai Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: ar. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Wong 7 (US) Persisting from cultivation |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: ar. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: ar. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Wong 520 (US) Persisting from cultivation |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1979) (p. 376) |
French Polynesia
Gambier Islands |
Mangareva (Gambier) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Adventice |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Hiva Oa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Moorea Island | Welsh, S. L. (1998) | |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 345)
Voucher cited: Moore 732 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum cf. sudanense. Voucher cited: J. Florence 3509 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 106) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahaa Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10606 (PAP) Adventice |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 345)
Voucher cited: Florence 2810 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Adventice |
French Polynesia
Austral (Tubuai) Islands |
Rimatara (Rimitara) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Adventice |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 239)
Sparingly naturalized. |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60)
Varieties cafer Fosb. & Sachet and subglabrescens (Steud.) Fosb. & Sachet |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Vouchers cited: Sachet 1715 (US, BISH), McGregor 513 (US); var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Stone 4753 (GUAM) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Hawaii (Big) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1594) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Kauai Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1594) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 22)
West Maui. Voucher cited: Oppenheimer H110004 (BISH, PTBG) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Maui Island |
introduced
invasive |
Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd L. (2006) (p. 39)
East Maui. Vouchers cited: Starr & Starr 040501-1 (BISH), Starr, Starr & Fukada 040505-2 (BISH) |
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Oahu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1594)
Voucher cited: Mann & Brigham 389 (BISH) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
|
Kato, Hidetoshi (2007) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Var. obbovatum (Hack.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 24383 (US,BISH, POM, MO, K, CANB, NY, L), Taylor 46-1305 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
St. John, Harold (1960) (p. 323)
Voucher cited: Taylor 46-1305 |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 4)
Var. obbovatum; voucher cited: Fosberg 24383 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 26705 (US, BISH, K, CANB, POM, MO) Persisting from cultivation |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 6)
Vouchers cited: St. John (BISH), Fosberg 26705 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
|
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 53)
Rare and probably extirpated. |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 93-96)
Var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet; voucher cited: Fosberg 26932 (US, BISH, POM, BRI, L) Persisting from cultivation |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Wotje (Wõjjã) Atoll |
Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosberg & Sachet |
|
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 62)
Voucher cited: MacKee 23721 Spontané |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 251)
Incorrect as Sorghum halepense per Sykes, pers. com. Vouchers cited: CHR 168734, CHR 168735, CHR 168754 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 24)
Incorrect as Sorghum halepense per Sykes, pers. com. Voucher cited: Yuncker 9723 (BISH). Also as Sorghum vulgare Pers., voucher cited: Yuncker 9878. "Occasional in waste areas and on rocky cliffs near the sea". |
Palau
Palau (Belau ) (main island group) |
Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60) |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (p. 48)
As Andropogon sorghum (Linn.) Brot. Cultivated but not established. |
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 135) | |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
|
St. John, H. (1987) (p. 24)
Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf in rain; vouchers cited: Ross 42, R. A. Young 10, Fosberg & B. Christian 11224 |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
invasive |
Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013)
As Sorghum sudanense (C.V. Piper) O. Stapf. Adventice |
Tonga
Tongatapu Group |
Tongatapu Island |
Sykes, Bill (year unknown)
? |
|
Tonga
Vavau Group |
Late Island |
introduced
|
Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 352) |
United States (other Pacific offshore islands)
Wake Islands |
Wake Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 59-60)
? |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis (Uvea) Island |
introduced
invasive |
Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 12)
As Sorghum sudanense (=Sorghum bicolor ssp. drommondii). Cette grande herbacée est localement naturalisée en bordure de routes et de pistes, et de zones cultivées. |
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands |
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Swarbrick, John T. (1997) |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 135) | |
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 135) | |
China
China |
Hong Kong |
introduced
cultivated |
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 348)
Also as Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf [= Sorghum bicolor nothosubsp. drummondii] |
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) | Hafliger, Ernst/Scholz, Hildemar (1980) (p. 135) | |
Japan
Japan |
Japan |
introduced
|
Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 192) |
New Zealand
New Zealand |
New Zealand (country) |
introduced
invasive |
Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 610)
"Cultivated ground, crops (often asparagus or maize), roadsides, railway lines". |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
introduced
invasive |
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 128) |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
introduced
invasive |
Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38) |
Maldives
Maldive Islands |
Maldive Islands | Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 12) |
Comments: A similar species, Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf., was found on Niue (at the end of the airport runway and other locations) (Space & Flynn, 2000).
Includes var. cafer (Koern.) Fosb. & Sachet, var. obovatum (Hack.) Fosb. & Sachet, var. rotundulum (Snowden) Fosb. & Sachet, var. subglabrescens (Steud.) Fosb. & Sachet, var. subglobosum (Hack.), var. technicum (Koern.) Stapf ex Holland and var. transiens (Hack.) Fosb. & Sachet.
Control: If you know of control methods for Sorghum bicolor, please let us know.