Solanum americanum Mill., Solanaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Mill.) O.E. Schulz

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: shao hua long kui

English: American nightshade, black nightshade, glossy nightshade, small-flowered nightshade

Fijian: boro, malahome, mboro, mboro laukana, mboro ni veiwere, mboro ni yaloka ni ngata, mburosousou ni vavalangi, thevuthevu

French: morelle noire

Hawaiian: ‘olohua, polopolo, pōpolo, pōpolohua

Japanese: inuhozuki

Maori (Cook Islands): poro, poro puaka, poroporo

Marquesan: oupoo

Niuean: polo, polo fua, polo kai

Samoan: māgalo, māgalo, polo, polo

Spanish: hierba mora, hierba mora negra

Tahitian: ‘oporo

Tongan: polo, polo kai

Wallisian: polo, polo

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual or short-lived perennial herbs up to 1.2 m tall, erect or wide-spreading, straggly with age, sometimes flushed purplish; stems sometimes angled or narrowly winged with lines of tissue from base of petiole, the wings smooth or with sort soft teeth, unarmed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple curbed hairs.  Leaves simple, alternate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, margins entire or with up to 8 short, blunt, rounded lobes, sinuses shallow and rounded, greatly variable in size, up to 10 cm long on young growth and up to 2 long on aged distal twigs, usually ca. 6 cm long and 3 cm wide, apex acute to acuminate, base truncate to cuneate and continued as a narrow wing along petiole, petioles 1-4 cm long.  Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, in extra-axillary umbelliform cymes, peduncles 1-2.5 cm long, flowers congested at apex, pedicels 5-8 mm long; calyx campanulate, 1-2 mm long, the lobes obtuse, ca. 1 mm long; corolla white or occasionally purple-tinged, stellate, 0.8-0.9 cm in diameter, with a yellowish green star-shaped area, the lobes ca. 1.5 mm wide; stamens inserted near base of corolla tube; filaments with spreading hairs on inner side, 1-2 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5-2 mm long, opening by pores or short slits; ovary globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, glabrous; style erect, 2.5-4 mm long, pubescent in lower part; stigma capitate, at level of anther pores.  Berries glossy black, succulent, readily shed when ripe, sclerotic granules 0-4, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, pedicels erect or recurved in fruit, up to 4 cm long, calyx somewhat enlarged and often reflexed.  Seeds numerous, 1-1.5 mm long, compressed, testa minutely reticulate" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1268-1269).

Habitat/ecology:  "Occasional to common among rocks, along sand beaches and trails, in woodlands and fields; a ubiquitous weed, native in the Old World and widely distributed there and in the Americas" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; p. 480).

In Hawai‘i, "possibly naturalized in open sites from coastal to wet forest, subalpine woodland, and disturbed roadsides and pasture, 0-2,380 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1268-1269).  In Fiji, "occasional to abundant from hear sea level to an elevation of about 1,130 m as a weed in villages, clearings, gardens, canefields, and plantations, and on open gravel banks and waste land" (Smith, 1991; pp. 12-13).  "Occasional in sunny disturbed places and croplands" (Whistler, 1988; p.37). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 196).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "North and South America, exact native range obscure; widely naturalized in tropics"  (GRIN).  Most probably an early introduction throughout the Pacific area. "[C]ommon in disturbed areas from southern Georgia to Florida, west to California, and south through Mexico to Central and South America (Schilling, 1981); additionally it now occurs as an abundant weed throughout much of the Paleotropics." (Smith, 1991; pp. 12-13).  "Aboriginally introduced, or possibly native, to Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 37).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 976
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Flynn, Tim (year unknown)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 957
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 21) Subsp. nutans (R.J.F. Henders.) R.J.F. Henders Vouchers cited: A.N. Rodd 1751 (K, NSW), P.S. Green 1571 (A, BRI, K), L.A.S. Johnson & A.N. Rodd 1272 (BRI, K, NSW)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 10) Subsp. nutans (R.J.F. Henders.) R.J.F. Henders Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 151 (CHR); 1971, K.S. Harley (BRI, K); P.S . Green 1486 (A)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 61)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 61)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Española Group	Española Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Fernandina Group	Fernandina Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Cerro Azul, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Darwin, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Wolf, Isabela Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinta Group	Pinta Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Pinzón Group	Pinzón Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Wolf Island	Wolf Island	possibly introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Takamatsu 772 (BISH)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 137) Vouchers cited: M.J. Balick 4225 (NY, PTBG), M. Takamatsu 772 (BISH) Naturalized
Fiji Fiji Islands	Fulanga Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 12-13) Voucher cited: Smith 1174
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 12-13) Voucher cited: Smith 206
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 12-13) Voucher cited: DA 5717
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 12-13) Vouchers cited: DA 9675, Greenwood 105, Gillespie 4348, Smith 9450, DA 1908, Smith 9070, DA 9544, DA 11049, DA 11088, DA 12268
Fiji Fiji Islands	Yasawas Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 12-13) Voucher cited: Weiner 248
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 93)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Huku Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9399 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 8321) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: B.G. Decker 1280 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4154 (PAP), J. Florence 4365 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & R. Tahuaitu 11650 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 273)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10290 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 2195 (PAP), J. Florence 5031 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 273)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10560 (PA) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10560 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 273) Voucher cited: BRY 26037
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Vouchers cited: W.A. Whistler & M. Guérin 22 (PAP), J. Florence 2724 (PAP), J. Florence 3853 (PAP), J. Florence 3937 (PAP), J. Florence 3946 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Marotiri Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11206 (PAP), J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11228 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6038 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 22753) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kure Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2001) (p. 16) Occasional near quarters, at margins of naupaka in central plain, in Verbesina, and in open areas.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Laysan Island	possibly native	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 11) Scattered along trail from lagoon to camp.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau, Lehua Islet	introduced invasive	Wood, K. R./LeGrande, Maya (2006) (p. 28) Vouchers cited: K.R. Wood et al. 9301 (BISH, PTBG, US), K.R. Wood & VanderWerf 9870 (BISH, PTBG, US)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lisianski Island	possibly native	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 14) Not common.
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Nihoa Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	probably native	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	probably native cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Pearl and Hermes Reef	possibly native	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (1999) (p. 20) Southeast Island: Small patch of about 12-20 plants just inland of the lagoon and the inland Cynodon dactylon patch.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 32)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 34) Voucher cited: Fosberg 39475 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31177, Fosberg 31180. Not seen in this survey and may no longer be present.
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 32)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 19) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 31177 (US), Fosberg 31180 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	probably native	Fosberg, F. Raymond (1990) (p. 32)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. vi) Voucher cited: Anderson 3672
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1252) "Scrub and open forest stands, cliffs, especially in dry coastal sites, sometimes rather moist gullies, occasionally a plantation weed".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 456)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 197) Incorrectly as Solanum nigrum per Smith (1981). Vouchers cited: CHR 169995, CHR 169996, CHR 169997
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 46) Polynesian introduction or native. Voucher cited: Whistler 10810
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 106) Incorrectly as Solanum nigrum per Smith (1981). Voucher cited: Yuncker 9632 (BISH) "A common weed in plantations and waste areas".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Niue Niue	Niue Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1997) (voucher ID: PTBG 43030) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum Mill.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10137) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum nigrum var. americanum
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 246-247)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 65)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Henderson Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence (legit M.L. Brooke) 11109 (PAP) Adventice
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Voucher cited: J. Florence 10774 (PAP) Adventice
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 44962) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 37)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 109)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 87?
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: Moseley s.n., Lawrence 138?
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 238) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15272
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1989) (voucher ID: PTBG 3032) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum Mill.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 73) Vouchers cited: Barclay s.n., Crosby 117
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 1268-1269)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Sand Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Spit Island	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Starr, Kim/Loope, Lloyd (2008) (pp. B-13)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 97)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Waste places, roadsides, fields; 100-2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 219) Along streams, in forests or on abandoned lands.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 188)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	probably native	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 1252) "Scrub and open forest stands, cliffs, especially in dry coastal sites, sometimes rather moist gullies, occasionally a plantation weed".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 80) Naturalised
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Waste places, roadsides, fields; 100-2000 m.
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Ching-I Peng, ed. (2011) "In waste places, roadsides, fields; 100-2000 m".
United States (west coast) United States (west coast states)	USA (California)	native	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced invasive	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 127)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 19)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 37)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 29)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 38071) Taxon name on voucher: Solanum americanum Mill.
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 138) As Solanum nigrum var. americanum Shulz. Voucher cited: Stoddart 7238a

Additional information:
Additional online information about Solanum americanum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Solanum americanum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Solanum americanum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

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