Sida rhombifolia L., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 13 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Sida microphylla Cav.

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: brum, purum, purumu, purumu, purumu

Chamorro: escobilla, escobilla adumelon, escobilla apaka, escobilla dalili

Chuukese: sieunen, sioinen, siyóyinen

English: arrow-leaf sida, big Jack, bloom weed, broom weed, coffee bush, common sida, Cuba jute, Cuban jute, Paddy's lucerne, Queensland hemp, rhomboid ilima, sida, teaweed

Fijian: mbariara, ndeni puaka, ndeni vuaka, ndenime, ndeniosa, nggavi ni lathoi, nggavi ni lawa, qawenilawe, thavuthindra

French: faux thé, herbe à balais

Kwara‘ae: mamafu‘ai

Maori (Cook Islands): purūmu

Marquesan: hopa, hopa, hopa, hopa, kaepu, ouou, pou, puehu, puehu au va‘a va‘a, pulumi, tateavi

Nauruan: itsi

Niuean: mautofu, motofu

Palauan: keak

Pohnpeian: kahwinyotz, koyolung

Samoan: mautofu, mautofu

Spanish: angosacha, escoba, escoba negra, escobilla, huinar, malva

Tahitian: boromu, burume, burumi, koa, kovai iva, porumu, purum, purumu, purūmu, ta‘ano

Tongan: te‘ehoosi, te‘ehosi

Tuamotuan: porumu

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "An erect, semiwoody perennial 0.3 to 1.0 m tall with a strong taproot; stems branched, finely pubescent, woody when mature; leaves alternate, broadest in middle, diverse in size, 1 to 4 cm long, 0.5 to 2 cm wide; rhombic, rhombic-oblong to oblong, narrowed toward apex; obtuse to subcuneate at base; margins obscurely dentate, with teeth acute to rounded, pale green, stellate hairy beneath; stipules bristly, 1-nerved, linear-lanceolate, as long as petiole; inflorescence axillary, solitary flowers on slender pedicel, 2 to 3 cm long, jointed above middle; flower calyx green, cup-shaped, membranous, persistent, ridged at base, with stellate hairs and lobes terminating abruptly into elongated points; corolla of 5 pale yellow petals, 1.5 to 1.8 cm in diameter; fruit a schizocarp with 8 to 10 wrinkled or nearly smooth mericarps, each about 2.5 mm long, not awned, or with awns 1.5 mm long, wedge-shaped with rounded backs; seeds flattened, reniform, 1.25 to 2 mm long, dark brown.  The key characteristics of this weed are the semiwoody stem, stipuled leaves, jointed pedicel, and the persistent calyx surrounding the schizocarp"  (Holm et al., 1997; p. 771).

"Small, tough-stemmed shrub to 1 m tall, stellate-pubescent; stipules linear, 6-9 mm long; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate near the apex, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 1.5-5 cm long, 7-22 mm wide, on petioles about 2-6 mm long (rarely longer); flowers 1 or 2 in in axils, pedicels 1-4 cm long; calyx-lobes deltoid apiculate, corolla yellow, about 6-10 mm wide, rotate; schizocarp nearly 1 cm broad; ripe carpels deltoid, apiculate, 8 or 10 or rarely to 12, stellate-pubescent dorsally, 2-lobed, about 3-4.5 mm long; seeds black"  (Stone, 1970; p. 415).

Habitat/ecology:  "A persistent, semiwoody weed common in pastures, roadsides, waste areas and short- and long-season crops through tropical and subtropical regions. [It] grows from sea level to 2000 m above sea level in many soil types and from fertile to degraded conditions.  Plants grow best in non-disturbed sites but are also found in cultivated land" (Holm et al., 1997; pp. 769, 771).

In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed areas, 0-1,240 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; pp. 898-899).  In Fiji, occurring from near sea level to an elevation of 900 m as an abundantly naturalized weed in waste places, gardens, pastures, coconut plantations, thickets, and clearings, along roadsides, and on open hillsides among reeds and ferns" (Smith, 1981; pp. 437-438).  "An abundant weed of plantations and waste places all over Niue although it is less common in the plantations of the forest interior.  It is a major nuisance in plantations because of the strong, almost woody stems and the firm root system" (Sykes, 1970; p. 117).  "Very common on roadsides, in plantations, and in sunny waste places, and is often a dominant species in these habitats" (Whistler, 1983; p. 56). In the Galápagos Islands, "principally along trails and in open habitats" (Wiggins & Porter, 1971; pp. 690-691). In New Guinea, "a weed of roadsides, cultivation and pastures, where it may become dominant under heavy grazing. From low altitudes to 2000 m, widespread and common" (Henty & Pritchard, 1975; p. 123). In Tonga, "a common roadside and waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 182).

Propagation:  Seed.  "The awned mericarps are spread by adhering to clothing and livestock, in mud on vehicles, and as contaminants in hay and seed crops" (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).

Native range:  Unknown, now pantropical. "An aboriginal introduction to Western Polynesia" (Whistler, 1988; p. 30).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ofu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1020
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Olosega Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Voucher cited: Garber 1075
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. Field notes.)
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1990) Vouchers cited: Garber 548, Harris 16, Harris 88, Harris 195, Yuncker 9144, Whistler 1381
American Samoa Swain's Island	Swain's Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1983) (p. 12) Vouchers cited: Whistler 3365, Bryan 930, Bryan 1370, Schultz 9
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 3)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced	Pickard, J. (1984) (p. 207)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Lord Howe Island	Lord Howe Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 20) "A weed of wasteland etc.,". Vouchers cited: L.A.S. Johnson & A.N. Rodd 1208 (NSW), J. Pickard 2678 (NSW) J. Pickard 3464 (NSW), J.D. McComish 65 (K)
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) "A weed of wasteland etc.,". Vouchers cited: G. Uhe 1226 (K), R.M. Laing (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31421 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Moore 400 (US), Moore 403 (US), Marche 150 (P, Fo), Bosberg 31361 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1781 (US), Evans 2346 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165) Also var. microphylla.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Pukapuka Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Etten Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Fefan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (p. 63)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165) Also var. longipedicellata.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 68) Vouchers cited: Glassman 2462 (US), Glassman 2801 (US), Kanehira 1558 (NY)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Fais Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Evans, M. (1969) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46670 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 517) Taxon name on voucher: Sida rhombifolia L.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Voucher cited: Smith 297
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Voucher cited: Seeman 16
Fiji Fiji Islands	Moala Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Voucher cited: Bryan 316c
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Voucher cited: DA 5715
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Vouchers cited: DA 10471, Bierhorst F215
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Voucher cited: DA 10234
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 437-438) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 98, Smith 4112, DA 10377, DA 10173, DA 9777, Smith 9446, DA 11447, DA 2830, DA 7043, DA 10021, DA 2638, DA 3368, DA 10571, Meebold 16535
French Polynesia Clipperton Island	Clipperton (Arue, Avera) Island		Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 93)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Agakauitai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Akamaru Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Aukena Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Taravai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Totegegie Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Mohotani (Mohotane, Mohotane) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 178) Voucher cited: BRY 25751
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maiao (Maiaoiti, Mauiti, Tupuaemanu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 48) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64832 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mopelia (Mapetia, Maupiha‘a, Maupihoa, Mopiha‘a) Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 31) Voucher cited: Sachet 951 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 178) Vouchers cited: Moore 13, BRY 25751
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tetiaroa Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 46) Voucher cited: Fosberg 54603 (US)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai (Tubai) Island	introduced invasive	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 20) Vouchers cited: Sachet 1987 (US), Grant 4849 (BISH)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Rangiroa (Rairoa) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced invasive	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 29) Voucher cited: Sachet 2054 (US)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Tikehau (Tikahau) Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
French Polynesia Tubuai (Austral) Islands	Tubuai (Tupuai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 415) Voucher cited: Stone 3791 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaho‘olawe Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Ni‘ihau Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	probably introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (pp. 898-899)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll		Chock, Alvin K./Hamilton, Jr., Dean C. (1962) (p. 5) Voucher cited: Bergman 18
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 27)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced invasive	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 27)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 77) Voucher specimens collected: Imada 2003-47 (BISH 697662); Imada 2003-71 (BISH 697686)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 21)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (pp. 167-168) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58621 (US), Scully 138N (US), Swarbrick 9575 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Walpole	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Veillon 3373
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Vouchers cited: Vieillard 139, Cribs 1165, MacKee 4315
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 99) Voucher cited: Buchholz 1634
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 837) "A well-established and persistent local weed of pasture, lawn, and coastal sands and gravels".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 114)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 117) Vouchers cited: CHR 170347, CHR 170353
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 30)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Whistler, W. A./Atherton, J. (1997) (p. 38)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 81) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 10037 (BISH), Yuncker 10044 (BISH), Yuncker 10120 (BISH), Yuncker 10209 (BISH) "A common roadside and plantation weed".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive abo. intro.	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 50)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1978) (voucher ID: BNM 10172) Taxon name on voucher: Sida rhombifolia L. var.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Malakal Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngedebus Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 518) Taxon name on voucher: Sida rhombifolia L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 164-165)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1967) (voucher ID: BNM 516) Taxon name on voucher: Sida rhombifolia L.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 107)
Palau Rock Islands	Ngerchong Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 108)
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 65)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 41) Vouchers cited: St. John 14974, Fosberg & R. Clark 11227
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 244-246)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 30)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 109)
Tokelau Tokelau Islands	Tokelau Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Soakai 284, Soakai 523
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Tofua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Scarth-Johnson 86
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 182) "Common throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Soakai 373
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 182) Vouchers cited: Yuncker 15430, Yuncker 15540, Yuncker 15543
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Vouchers cited: Graeffe 1536, Setchell & Parks 15309, Lawrence 58, Efaureufe? 12?, Soakai 176, Soakai 441, Soakai 603, Soakai 608
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 182) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15118
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Late Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1981) (p. 349)
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Tafahi Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 182) Voucher cited: Hürlimann 545
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 182) Cited: Crosby.
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Burkill, I. H. (1900) (p. 27)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Tuvalu Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Midway Atoll	Midway Atoll	introduced invasive	Starr, Forest/Martz, Kim (2000) (p. 10) Voucher cited: Starr & Martz 990514-2 (BISH)
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (p. 36)
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis and Futuna Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 30)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Costa Rica Costa Rica	Costa Rica (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 772)
Ecuador (Mainland) Ecuador	Ecuador (Republic of) (continental)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 336)
Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 772)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 772)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 837) "A well-established and persistent local weed of pasture, lawn, and coastal sands and gravels".
Nicaragua Nicaragua	Nicaragua (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 772)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 769)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 336)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 128) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7273b (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	D'Arros Island		Stoddart, D. R./Coe, M. J./Fosberg, F. R. (1979) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Gwynne & Wood 1027 (EA)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 54) Vouchers cited: Robertson 2651, Robertson 2749

Comments:  A declared noxious weed in the Northern Territory, Australia (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).

Control: 

Chemical: "Somewhat tolerant of 2,4-D, dicamba and triclopyr.  High end of label rates required.  Probably a good idea to mow and treat regrowth.  Australian sources indicate good control with wick applications of glyphosate using double passes at right angles"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

Additional information:
Information from the book "Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide" (Motooka et al., 2003). (PDF format).

Additional online information about Sida rhombifolia is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Sida rhombifolia as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Sida rhombifolia may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Other Latin names:  Sida microphylla Cav.

References:

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Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM517(Blackburn, B. 254).

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1968. Voucher specimen #BNM518(Kluding, P. 20).

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