Sida acuta Burm.f., Malvaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  Reject, score: 19 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Austral: brum, purumu, purumu, purumu

Bikol: surusighid

Chamorro: escobilla, escobilla adumelon, escobilla papago, escobilla papagu

Chinese: huang hua ren

Chuukese: sioinen, siyóyinen

English: broom grass, broom weed, clock plant, common fanpetals, common wireweed, Paddy's lucerne, southern sida, spiny-head sida

Fijian: deni vuaka, ndeni vuaka, ndeniosa, qawenilawe

Filipino: escuba

French: herbe à balais, herbe à paniers, herbe panier

Iloko: basbasot

Japanese: kahwinyotz

Mangarevan: koa, kowai iva

Maori (Cook Islands): pulumi, purūmu

Marquesan: au hopa, hopa, hopa, hopa, kopa, puehu, puehu enana

Niuean: mautofu, motofu

Palauan: keak

Pohnpeian: kahwinyotz, kawenioas, selmei

Samoan: mautofu, mautofu

Spanish: babosilla, escoba, escoba blanca, escoba negra, escobilla, escobilla blanca, escobilla cabezuda, escobilla negra, huinar, malva colorado, malva de castilla

Tagalog: walis-walisan

Tahitian: burume, porumu

Tongan: te‘ehoosi, te‘ekosi

Habit:  herb

Description:  "A small, erect, much branched, perennial shrub or herb; ranging from 30 to 100 cm in height, with a strong taproot; stem and branches flattened at the extremities, fibrous, almost woody at times; leaves alternate, slender, lanceolate, acute, margins toothed, 1.2 to 9 cm or more long, 0.5 to 4 cm wide, lower surface smooth or with sparse, short, branched, starlike (stellate) hairs, with fairly prominent veins; petiole 3 to 6 mm long, hairy, with a pair of stipules, at least one lanceolate-linear, 1 to 2 mm broad, three- to six-nerved, often curved, finely hairy, the other stipule narrower, one- to four-nerved; flowers 1 to 2 cm in diameter, solitary or in densely crowded axillary heads; pedicels 3 to 8 mm, slender, jointed near the middle; calyx five-lobed; sepals pale green, triangular, acute, about 6 mm long; petals five, joined at base, 6 to 9 mm or more long, light yellow, yellow, or pale orange, with a shallow  notch at the apex; ovary eight-celled, one-ovulate; stamens of many filaments arising from a tube; style divided into six branches; fruit a capsule, 3 to 4.5 mm in diameter, rough, consisting  of five to eight (rarely more) carpels which break at maturity into equal, one-seeded, segments (mericarp), each of which has two glabrous or nearly glabrous awns or beaks 1 to 1.5 mm long; seeds small, roughly triangular, 1.5 mm long, with a deep depression on each of the sides, reddish brown or black.  Sida acuta is often confused with Sida rhombifolia, but can be distinguished from that species by its smaller and narrower lanceolate leaves (those of S. rhombifolia are rhomboid or diamond shaped), the shorter pedicels of the flower, and by the two awns of the carpels (S. rhombifolia has one awn or none)" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 426).

"A low shrub to 1 m tall (rarely 2 m) with slender tough stems; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or rounded at base, 1.5-6 cm long; 5-20 mm wide, sharply serrate, stellate-pubescent beneath; petioles 3-5 mm long; blade 3-nereved from base, pinnately branched above the base; stipules linear-acute, about 1 cm long; flowers 1 or 2 in axils, pedicels to about 1 cm long; corolla about 6-14 mm broad, yellow; fruit 4-5 mm broad, 6-8-carpellate; seeds dark reddish-brown, 1.5 mm long; ripe carpels with 2 beaks, grooved on the back"  (Stone, 1970; p. 415).

Habitat/ecology:  "Mainly a weed of the tropics and subtropics.  Although it grows widely throughout the tropics, it can be found at higher elevations.  It has been reported up to 1,500 m in Indonesia.  The weed is frequently found in pastures, wastelands, cultivated lands, roadsides, lawns, and in planted forests.  Once the plant becomes established, it is very competitive, holding and denying sites to other plants. It does appear to do best in disturbed habitats.  The plant grows well in many soils, including some heavy clays, and can tolerate dry as well as high rainfall conditions.  In Fiji it is most aggressive in the dry zones.  It has a deep taproot which can withstand drought, mowing, or shallow infrequent tillage.  Tough woody stems also aid in its persistence" (Holm et al., 1977; p. 426).  "A major weed of pastures and roadsides and also important in orchards and plantations, though not in cultivation" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 18).  "Occasional in waste areas and roadsides" (Whistler, 1988; p. 29).

In Guam, "common around villages in waste ground"  (Stone, 1970; p. 415).  In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in open and shaded sites, from near sea level up to ca. 790 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 897).  In Fiji, "naturalized in waste places, plantations, canefields, and pastures and along roadsides" (Smith, 1981; p. pp. 436-437). In Tonga, "a rather common waste-area weed" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 181).

Propagation:  Seed.  "The awned mericarps are spread by adhering to clothing and livestock, in mud on vehicles, and as contaminants in hay and seed crops" (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).

Native range:  Unknown; a pantropical weed, perhaps indigenous in Central America (Smith, 1981; pp. 436-437).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Manu‘a Islands	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1990) (p. 18)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Anon. (1988) (p. 3)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) S. acuta x rhombifolia?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1941 (US), Fosberg 31702 (US), Fosberg 31719 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 60) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-58865
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Anatahan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Voucher cied: Falanruw 1647
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Moore 408 (US), Fosberg 31362 (US), Anderson 563 (US)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1949) (voucher ID: PTBG 23592) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1978) (voucher ID: PTBG 23415) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Sarigan Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Falanruw, M. V. C./Sachet, M.-H. (1975) (p. 33) Vouchers cited: Falanruw 1724 (US), Evans 2433 (US, BISH, Fo, NY)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Cerro Azul, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) Observed in survey, no herbarium record.
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santiago Group	Santiago Island	introduced invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Dublon (Tonowas) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced invasive	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 52) Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 267 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Tol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1949) (voucher ID: PTBG 22240) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Lorence 7865 (PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2010) (voucher ID: PTBG 33534) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f.
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1996) (voucher ID: PTBG 21123) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta N. L. Burm.
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 68) Voucher cited: Glassman 2789 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced invasive	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 109) Vouchers cited: E. Albert 42 (NY, PTBG), E. Albert 168 (NY, PTBG), M.J. Balick 3871 (NY, PTBG) Naturalized
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2004) (voucher ID: PTBG 43825) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1968) (voucher ID: BNM 515) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437) Vouchers cited: US 12252, DA 1135
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437) Vouchers cited: Gillespie 4795.5, DA 5744
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437) Voucher cited: Greenwood 674
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Mbalavu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 990
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive	Smith, Albert C. (1981) (pp. 436-437) Vouchers cited: Greenwood 99, DA 2914, DA 10435, DA 2810, DA 2908, DA 9145, DA 10739, DA 3030, DA 9940
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia Adventice
French Polynesia Gambier Islands	Mangareva (Gambier) Island	introduced invasive	St. John, Harold (1988) (p. 19) Voucher cited: Fosberg 11165 (BISH)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Eiao Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9337 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Vouchers cited: D.H. Lorence, W.L. Wagner, J. Florence, Y. Séchan & S. Bishop 6166 (PAP), J. Florence 7412 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1988) (voucher ID: PTBG 6351) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta subsp. carpinifolia
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hatuta'a (Hatutu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence & M. Teikiteetini 9430 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: M.-H. Sachet 1234 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1297 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: B.G. Decker 678 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1024 (PAP), B.G. Decker 1092 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia. Vouchers cited: P.A. Savatier 695 (PAP), J. Florence 4106 (PAP), J. Florence 4137 (PAP), J. Florence 4140 (PAP), J. Florence 6927 (PAP), J. Florence 8441 (PAP), J. Florence 8516 (PAP), B.G. Decker 2111 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Tahuata (Tuhuata) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 1457 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: B.G. Decker 1853 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Subsp. acuta, subsp. carpinifolia (L. f.) Borss. Waalk.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Ua Pou (Huapu, Uapou, Uapu) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: B.G. Decker 2240 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 4427 (PAP), B.G. Decker 2292 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-238)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Bora Bora Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 48) Voucher cited: Fosberg 64803 (US) Rare
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia. Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Mehetia (Mahetia, Meetia) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia (C. Linnaeus f.) Borssum-Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10298 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 235-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: F.R. Fosberg 60920 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 2091 (PAP)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37690) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1981) (voucher ID: PTBG 37689) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 178) Voucher cited: Quayle 109
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) also subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4028 (PAP), F.R. Fosberg 64994 (PAP); subsp. acuta; J. Florence 2513 (PAP), J. Florence 3887 (PAP), J. Florence 4033 (PAP), J. Florence 4664 (PAP); subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes: J. Florence 2261 (PAP), J. Florence 2853 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced	Sachet, M.-H. (1983) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Grant 4848 (BISH)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tupai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) ?
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Makatea (Ma‘atea) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta Adventice
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Niau Atoll	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta. Voucher cited: J. Florence 10102 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 5622 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rapa Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Voucher cited: J. Florence 6337 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum Waalkes. Vouchers cited: J. Florence 5538 (PAP), J. Florence 5983 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J. (2004) (pp. 238-240) subsp. carpinifolia J. Borssum-Wallkes
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) subsp. acuta and subsp. carpinifolia Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced invasive	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 415) Vouchers cited: Stone 4142 (GUAM), Stone 4995 (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1982) (voucher ID: PTBG 23595) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1950) (voucher ID: PTBG 23596) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1980) (voucher ID: PTBG 23597) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897) Voucher cited: Heller 2424 (BISH,CU)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced	Wester, Lyndon (1992) (p. 142)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 897)
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Kiribati Banaba Island	Banaba (Ocean) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 13) Voucher: Imada 2003-111 (BISH 697722)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujelang Atoll	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 15) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34180 (US)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164) also S. acuta x rhombifolia?
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced invasive	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 167) Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58615 (US), Fosberg 58649 (US), Fosberg 58806 (US), Thaman & Manner 23 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 96 (SUVA), Thaman & Manner 22303 (SUVA), Swarbrick 9558 (BRIU), Swarbrick 9582 (BRIU)
New Caledonia Îles Bélep (Belep Islands)	Île Art	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98) Voucher cited: Montrouzier 8 (LY)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands)	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll)	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98) Voucher cited: Schmid 2338 (NOU)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Tiga	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98) Voucher cited: MacKee 45851
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	introduced invasive	Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 382) Rudérale, nombreuses localités
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	Tassin, Jacques (2005)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 98) Vouchers cited: Pancher s.n., Vieillard 139, MacKee 4055, Toutain 3463 (NOU)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (pp. 116-117) Vouchers cited: CHR 170352, CHR 170345
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 81) Voucher cited: Yuncker 10150 (BISH) "Occasional along roadsides, in waste areas and plantations".
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 47)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (pp. 163-164)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 104)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Angaur Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 65)
Papua New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago	Bismarck Archipelago	invasive	Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 361) Common, an abundant and persistent weed of plantations, pasture, roadsides, etc.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Henty, E. E./Pritchard, G. H. (1975) (p. 121) At low altitudes, mainly in areas with seasonal rainfall.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 65)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands		Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (pp. 33-34) In open waste places; a ubiquitous weed.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Western Samoa Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1988) (p. 29)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 109)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 166) Dominant invader.
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 237) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘apai Islands		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Soakai 571
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Lifuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15977
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15802
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181) "Throughout Tonga".
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Whistler, W. A. (1992) (p. 42) Voucher cited: Croby 3
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 181) Cited: Crosby.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Shine, C./Reaser, J. K./Gutierrez, A. T., eds. (2003) (p. 180)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (pp. 40-41)
Cambodia Cambodia	Cambodia (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 99)
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335)
El Salvador El Salvador	El Salvador (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 429)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428)
Panama Panama	Panama (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335)
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Singapore Singapore	Singapore (Republic of)	uncertain if introduced invasive	Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 80) Weed of uncertain origin
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy G./Plucknett, D. L./Pancho, J. V./Herberger, J. P. (1977) (p. 428)
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)		Waterhouse, D. F. (1993) (pp. 68, 78)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 18)
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	native	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1993) (p. 38) North Keeling Island
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced	Stoddart, D. R./Taylor, J. D., eds. (1971) (p. 154) Vouchers cited: Stoddart 863 (K, US), Rhyne 776 (US)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island	introduced invasive	Whistler, W. Arthur (1996) (p. 28)
British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago	Diego Garcia Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1995) (voucher ID: PTBG 38085) Taxon name on voucher: Sida acuta Burm. f.
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (pp. 334-335)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Comité français de l'Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature en France (2010)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Agalega Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Stoddart, D. R. (1983) (p. 127) Voucher cited: Stoddart 7273b (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Cousin Island	introduced invasive	Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 28) Voucher cited: Fosberg 52094 (US)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Frégate Island		Robertson, S. A./Todd, D. M. (1983) (p. 54) Vouchers cited: Robertson 2748, Robertson 1691
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Platte Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 161) Voucher cited: Robertson 3009 (K)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Poivre Island		Robertson, S. A./Fosberg, F. R. (1983) (p. 171) Vouchers cited: Robertson 2361 (K), Robertson 2362 (K)

Comments:  A declared noxious weed in Western Australia and the Northern Territory (Smith, 2002; pp. 40-41).

Control: 

Physical: "Controlled by chipping or cultivation. Suppressed by slashing and vigorous, well-managed, competitive pasture species. Tolerates some shade" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).

Chemical: "Susceptible to: 1) residual herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba and fluroxypyr at standard rates; 2) translocated herbicides, including 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba and fluroxypyr at standard rates" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).

Biological: "Possible natural enemies are discussed by Waterhouse and Norris (1987). Work is in progress in Australia using the leaf-eating beetle, Calligrapha pantherium" (Swarbrick, 1997; p. 29).

Additional information:
Additional online information about Sida acuta is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Sida acuta as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Sida acuta may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

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