Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Poaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Setaria glauca auct. [= Setaria pumila subsp. pumila]; Setaria lutescens (Stuntz) F. T. Hubb. [= Setaria pumila subsp. pumila]; Setaria pallidefusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. [= Setaria pumila subsp. pallidefusca]

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: jin se gou wei cao

English: cat's tail grass, horsegrass, pigeon grass, Queensland pigeon grass, yellow foxtail

French: millet sauvage

Yapese: gatewel

Habit:  grass

Description:  "A tufted annual grass with fibrous roots; stems erect, 25 to 60 cm tall, smooth, slender, often rooting from lower nodes; leaf sheath 3 to 8 cm long, glabrous; blade 10 to 15 cm long, 6 to 10 mm wide, smooth except for a few hairs at base, tapering to a fine tip; ligule a shallow membrane topped with stiff bristles, 1.2 to 1.5 mm long; inflorescence an erect, cylindrical spike-like panicle 2 to 10 cm long with successive short clusters of 2 spikelets (one fertile) each subtended by involucre of 6 to 10 pale yellow, golden, orange or reddish brown to purple persistent bristles; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; lower glume 1- to 3-nerved, 1.4 mm long; upper glume 5-nerved, 1.6 mm long, the nerves joining towards tip; lower floret usually sterile, with flat, obscurely 5- to 7-veined lemma and flat, membranous palea; upper floret fertile, stamens 3, stigmas 2, lemma boat-shaped with prominent transverse wrinkles; palea nearly flat, finely wrinkled; both lemma and palea hard and leathery when mature; fruit a caryopsis 1.4 mm long with coarsely rugose back, nearly flat face and punctiform hilum; apex 3-toothed, dark.  This species is characterized by the smooth, fine-pointed leaves, hairy ligule and purplish red bristles of young inflorescences that turn yellow to golden brown when mature" (Holm et al., 1997; p. 767).

"Nearly glabrous perennial [grass]; culms to 50 cm long, somewhat branched at base; pubescent just beneath the panicle; blades linear, 10-24 cm long with hairs near the ligule, the ligule of short hairs; sheaths slightly flattened, glabrous; panicle cylindric, to 10 cm long, yellow, the axils pilose-scabrous with spreading bristles 8-10 mm long beneath each spikelet; spikelets ovate, 2-2.5 mm long, pale; first glume 3-nerved, half as long as the spikelet; second glume 5-nerved; sterile lemma equaling the spikelet and 5-nerved; fertile lemma ovate, finely rugulose, obtuse, shiny" (Stone, 1970; pp. 224-225).

Description from GrassBase.

Habitat/ecology:  "Infests dryland crops, roadsides, waste areas, ditches and occasionally grasslands.  It is adapted to a wide range of soils and climates and is especially well suited to dry soil conditions"  (Holm et al., 1997; p. 767).

Tonga, "occasional in open areas" (Yuncker, 1959; p. 62). In New Caledonia, "commun en terrains vagues et bords de chemins" (MacKee, 1994; p. 62).

Propagation:  Barbed seeds carried in fur, feathers or clothing.

Native range:  Old World tropics; probably native to Micronesia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Manu‘a Islands	Ta‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1976) (voucher ID: BISH 430395) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 430370) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Australia (Pacific offshore islands) Norfolk Islands	Norfolk Island	introduced invasive	Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 12) Subsp. pallidefusca (Schumach.) B.K. Simon "A locally common weed". Vouchers cited: W.R. Sykes NI 359 (CHR), W.R. Sykes NI 999 (CHR)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Agrigan (Agrihan) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59) ?
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Alamagan Island	introduced	Ohba, T. (1994) (p. 65) Voucher cited: CBM-BS-59226
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Pagan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	native	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 12)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: BISH 572168) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 588182) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 664863) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2011)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415799) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 420149) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 666484) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1990) (voucher ID: BISH 667938) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 126824) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Kandavu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1955) (voucher ID: BISH 31613) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1924) (voucher ID: BISH 126787) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Taveuni Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126786) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Vanua Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126785) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31612) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 31627) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126782) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 126783) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 126784) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 126788) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126789) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126790) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1942) (voucher ID: BISH 126791) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 415783) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Setaria pallide-fusca. Voucher cited: B. Toutain 4247 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491178) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 344) Voucher cited: Florence 9790
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 558169) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rimatara (Rimitara) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Setaria pallidefusca (C.F. Schumacher) O. Stapf & C.E. Hubbard Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Setaria pallidefusca (C.F. Schumacher) O. Stapf & C.E. Hubbard. Voucher cited: J. Florence 9196 (PAP) Adventice
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Tubuai Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Setaria pallidefusca (C.F. Schumacher) O. Stapf & C.E. Hubbard Adventice
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 224-225) Vouchers cited: MacGregor 383, G.E.S. 15, G.E.S. 61
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) (voucher ID: BISH 126819) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1911) (voucher ID: BISH 126823) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 588170) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Japan (offshore islands) Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands		Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
Japan (offshore islands) Marcus Island	Marcus Island (Minami Tori Shima)	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59) ?
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak, Eniwetok) Atoll	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 62) Voucher cited: MacKee 11464
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 654878) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île des Pins (Isle of Pines)		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1948) (voucher ID: BISH 126820) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Kermadec Islands	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 586) "Open pasture, waste places, roadsides, footpaths, old gardens, cultivated ground".
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced invasive	Sykes, W. R. (1977) (p. 176)
New Zealand (offshore islands) Kermadec Islands	Raoul Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R./West, C. J. (1996) (p. 458)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	native	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (pp. 58-59)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1997) (voucher ID: BISH 697858) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island		Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3089) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Schum.) Stapf. & Hubb.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)		Henty, E. E. (1969) (p. 172) Throughout New Guinea, from sea level to at least 6,000 ft.; scattered in open grassland, on roadsides and headlands, and a weed of cultivation.
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 24) Voucher cited: St. John 15016
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2011) As Setaria pallidefusca (C.F. Schumacher) O. Stapf & C.E. Hubbard Adventice
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 71)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1893) (voucher ID: BISH 126810) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: BISH 417485) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 109)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Ha‘ano Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 75)
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15826
Tonga Ha‘apai Group	Nomuka Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126813) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Tonga Tonga Islands	Tonga Islands		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) "Occasional throughout Tonga".
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15445
Tonga Tongatapu Group	‘Eua Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 126812) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 56)
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 62) Voucher cited: Yuncker 15152
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1926) (voucher ID: BISH 126811) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Tonga Tongatapu Group	Tongatapu Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2001) (voucher ID: PTBG 34305) Taxon name on voucher: Setaria pumila (oir.) Roem. & Schult
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)		Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 96)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	New South Wales	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 735)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 735)
China China	China (People's Republic of)		Li-ying, Li/Ren, Wang/Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 174)
China China	Hong Kong	native	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 347) As Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. In forests, on hillslopes, along roadside and in wasteland. As Setaria pallidefusca (Schumach.) Stapf & Hubb. [= Setaria pumila subsp. pallidefusca]. On hillslopes, in wet places.
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Malaysia Malaysia	Malaysia (country of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Edgar, E./Connor, H. (2000) (p. 586) "Open pasture, waste places, roadsides, footpaths, old gardens, cultivated ground".
Thailand Thailand	Thailand (Kingdom of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)
Vietnam Vietnam	Vietnam (Socialist Republic of)	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 765)

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James (1997) (p. 768)

Comments:  Should not be introduced where it's not present.

Additional information:
Additional online information about Setaria pumila is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Setaria pumila as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Setaria pumila may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3089(Timberlake, J. 3089).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 126819 (Thompson, J.B. 61).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1893. Voucher specimen #BISH 126810 (Reinecke 108).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1911. Voucher specimen #BISH 126823 (McGregor, M.C. 383).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1924. Voucher specimen #BISH 126787 (Bryan Jr, E.H. 609).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1926. Voucher specimen #BISH 126811 (Setchell, W.A. 15398).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 126783 (Gillespie, J.W. 3574).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 126784 (Gillespie, J.W. 3607).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1927. Voucher specimen #BISH 126788 (Gillespie, J.W. 4150.1).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1942. Voucher specimen #BISH 126791 (Greenwood, W. 962).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126790 (Greenwood, W. 962A).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 588182 (Hosaka, E.Y. 3031).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126785 (Smith, A.C. 6631).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126789 (Smith, A.C. 4270).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 126820 (Buchholz, J.T. 1651).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1948. Voucher specimen #BISH 126824 (Wong, C.C.Y. 342).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126782 (Smith, A.C. 9455).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126786 (Smith, A.C. 8125).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126812 (Yuncker, T.G. 15445).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 126813 (Yuncker, T.G. 15826).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 588170 (Fosberg, F.R. 35319).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31612 (Parham, J.W. 7430).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 31627 (Parham, J.W. 7317).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1955. Voucher specimen #BISH 31613 (Koroi, U. 9071).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417485 (Whistler, W.A. W1075).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1975. Voucher specimen #BISH 430370 (Whistler, W.A. W2815).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1976. Voucher specimen #BISH 430395 (Whistler, W.A. W3691).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415783 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1472).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 415799 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1488).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 420149 (Krauss, N.L.H. 1532).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 491178 (Florence, J. 4119).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 558169 (Florence, J. 4471).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 572168 (Raulerson, L. 9360).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 666484 (Sykes, W.R. 473894).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1990. Voucher specimen #BISH 667938 (Sykes, W.R. 467858).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1991. Voucher specimen #BISH 664863 (Sykes, W.R. 474578).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 654878 (Koyama, H. 8032).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1997. Voucher specimen #BISH 697858 (Herbst, D.R. 9836).

Edgar, E./Connor, H. 2000. Flora of New Zealand, vol. V: Gramineae. Manaaki Whenua Press. .

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