L., Poaceae
|
|
|
|
|
L., Poaceae |
|
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Primarily a threat at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: High risk, score: 17 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
|
Bontoc: sálin |
|
Cebuano: bogáng, bugáng, tigbáu |
|
Chinese: tian gen zi cao |
|
English: serio grass, wild cane, wild sugarcane |
|
French: canne à sucre fourragère, canne sauvage |
|
Iloko: liddá |
|
Japanese: wase-abana |
|
Kosraean: ac |
|
Palauan: banga ruchel |
|
Pohnpeian: ahlec, ahlek, alek |
|
Tagalog: taláhib |
|
Tahitian: to aheo |
Habit: grass
Description: "Perennial grass spreading by stout rhizomes. Culms erect, 2-4 m or more in height. Leaf sheath glabrous, with overlapping margins; ligule membranous, 3-4 mm long, with a rounded apex fringed with scattered hairs and a dense row of hairs 2-3 mm long behind it. Leaf blade mostly 50-90 x 5-15 cm. Inflorescence a plumose panicle 25-60 cm long with numerous racemes 3-15 cm long, rachis and pedicels hirsute, rachis falling off in units comprising a pair of spikelets and the rachis below them. Spikelets lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, bearded at the base, the hairs silky, 2-3 times as long as the spikelet, in unequally stalked pairs. Glumes equal, as long as spikelet, glabrous on the back. Upper lemma nearly as long as spikelet, membranous" (Whistler, 1995; p. 183).
"Tall perennials, in habit much like the cultivated cane but somewhat more slender; differing chiefly in the hairy peduncles and the very fragile rachises" (Stone, 1970; p. 237).
Description from GrassBase.
Habitat/ecology: "Found in waste areas, fallow fields, marshes, banks of streams and ponds, on sand dunes, along railroads and highways, and in or around fields. It is a tropical and subtropical species most commonly encountered in central and southeastern Asia. In New Guinea it grows from sea level to 1500 m and tolerates many soil textures and moisture levels' (Holm et al., 1997; p. 695).
In Hawai‘i, "forming clumps or thickets in moist, disturbed areas such as along roadsides, 10-460 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 1589).
Propagation: Wind-dispersed seed.
Native range: Old World Tropics.
Presence:
| Pacific | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Rota Island |
introduced
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane (2000) (p. 24) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; voucher cited: Fosberg 31284 (US, BISH, POM, CANB, P) |
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Saipan Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1950) (voucher ID: BISH 588326)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Northern Mariana Islands |
Tinian Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Ulalu (Romonum) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57)
var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57)
var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
uncertain if native
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Fosberg 26052 (US, BISH), Fosberg & Peizer 26022 (US, BISH), Takamatsu 25 (US), Wong 304 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126723)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126724)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57)
var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
native
|
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy (2010) (p. 10)
var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosb. & Sachet. Voucher cited: KW 14105 |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
uncertain if native
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Lesson in 1825 (P, type), Fosberg 26644 (US, BISH, POM, NY, L) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
introduced
invasive |
Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. (2002) (pp. 63-64) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126722)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Kosrae Island |
Kosrae Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1977) (voucher ID: BISH 432320)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57)
var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosb. & Sachet |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 133)
Voucher cited: Glassman 2434 (US) |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
native
|
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 61)
Vouchers cited: J. Bee 35 (NY), A. Dores 209 (NY, PTBG), F.R. Fosberg 26254 (BISH), S.F. Glassman 2434 (BISH), M. Takamatsu 605 (BISH), R. Lengsi 40 (NY), R. Lengsi 55 (NY), S.H. Riesenberg 44 (BISH), F. Sohl 14 (NY, PTBG) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
uncertain if native
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. insulare (Brongn.) Fosberg & Sachet; vouchers cited: Hallier 11 (HBG), Glassman 2434 (US), Fosberg 58356 (US), Riesenberg 44 (BISH), Fosberg 26254 (US, BISH, POM, NY, L), Gabung 4 (US) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1936) (voucher ID: BISH 39576)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1949) (voucher ID: BISH 126718)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 126720)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 126725)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1999) (voucher ID: PTBG 34808)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei Islands |
Pohnpei Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2006) (voucher ID: PTBG 49039)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Yap Islands |
Yap (Waqab) Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1957) (voucher ID: BISH 126719)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 237) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
invasive |
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; vouchers cited: Fosberg 46219 (US, GUAM), Stone 4287 (US, GUAM), Fosberg 35220 (US, BISH, POM, MO), Fosberg 35292 (US), Fosberg 35580 (US, BISH, POM, MO, BRI, TI), P. H. Moore 830 (US) |
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 561370)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1954) (voucher ID: BISH 588318)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588319)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 588324)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 649442)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 1000144)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
Moloka‘i Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1589) |
|
State of Hawaii
Hawaiian Islands |
O‘ahu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 1589) |
|
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
|
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 62)
Voucher cited: Vieillard 1510 |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
possibly native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; vouchers scited: Takamatsu 1307 (US), Timberlake & Payne 3132 (US), Timberlake 3094 (US), Timberlake 3117 (US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1997) (voucher ID: BISH 697859)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3094)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
possibly native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; vouchers cited: Stone 4606 (US), Stone 4589 (US), Salsedo 306 (US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1962) (voucher ID: BNM 154)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1970) (voucher ID: BNM 153)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
possibly native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; voucher cited: Timberlake 3131 (US) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie (2009) (p. 21)
Voucher: Lorence 9772 (PTBG, BNM) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.) (1981) (voucher ID: BNM 3131)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (2008) (voucher ID: PTBG 64)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
possibly native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; voucher cited: Fosberg 25648 (US, BISH, POM,NY, L) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Ngerkebesang Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1946) (voucher ID: BISH 697522)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1987) (p. 57) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
native
|
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 90) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
possibly native
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1982) (pp. 88-90)
Var. spontaneum; voucher cited: Fosberg 47634 (US, BISH, POM, NY, L) |
|
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Peleliu Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1965) (voucher ID: BISH 588709)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago |
Bismarck Archipelago | Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty] (1984) (p. 46) | |
|
Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago |
New Britain Island |
Burcham, L. T. (1948) (p. 420)
Voucher cited: Burcham 142 (US) |
|
|
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Philippines
Philippine Islands |
Philippine Islands |
native
|
Merrill, Elmer D. (1925) (pp. 32-33)
In open areas at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1,500 m, often gregarious and almost exclusively occupying large areas. |
|
Samoa
Western Samoa Islands |
Upolu Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68) |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Guadalcanal Island |
Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 402129)
Taxon name on voucher: Saccharum spontaneum L. |
|
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands | Whitmore, T. C. (1969) (p. 261) | |
|
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
native
|
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 106) |
| Pacific Rim | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Australia
Australia (continental) |
Australia (continental) | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 316) | |
|
Cambodia
Cambodia |
Cambodia (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
China
China |
China (People's Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
China
China |
Hong Kong |
native
|
Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 346)
On hillslopes, plains, riverbank and pebble beaches. |
|
Indonesia
Indonesia |
Indonesia (Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Japan
Japan |
Japan (country) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Malaysia
Malaysia |
Malaysia (country of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Singapore
Singapore |
Singapore (Republic of) |
introduced
invasive |
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. (2009) (p. 76)
Naturalised |
|
Taiwan
Taiwan |
Taiwan Island |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Thailand
Thailand |
Thailand (Kingdom of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
|
Vietnam
Vietnam |
Vietnam (Socialist Republic of) |
native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2011) |
| Indian Ocean | |||
|
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
|
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
introduced
invasive |
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 126) |
|
Mauritius
Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) |
Mauritius Island | Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 316) | |
Comments: Two varieties present in Micronesia (both are considered native there).
On U.S. Federal noxious weed list.
The patch seen on Rota is located across from the Peace Memorial (Space et al., 2000).
Reported invasive in Panama (introduced to control erosion along the Panama Canal and now invasive—Georgina Cullman pers. com.)
Additional information:
Additional online information about Saccharum spontaneum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Information about Saccharum spontaneum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).
Taxonomic information about Saccharum spontaneum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1962. Voucher specimen #BNM154(Stone, Benjamin C. 4606).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1970. Voucher specimen #BNM153(Salsedo, Carl A. 306).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3131(Timberlake, J. 3131).
Beleu National Museum (Republic of Palau. Koror.). 1981. Voucher specimen #BNM3094(Timberlake, J. 3094).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1936. Voucher specimen #BISH 39576 (Takamatsu, M. 605).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126722 (Fosberg, F.R. 26644).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126723 (Fosberg, F.R. 26022).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126724 (Fosberg, F.R. 26052).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 126725 (Fosberg, F.R. 26254).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1946. Voucher specimen #BISH 697522 (Fosberg, F.R. 25648).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 126720 (Riesenberg, S.H. 44).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1947. Voucher specimen #BISH 402129 (Giffen 13).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1949. Voucher specimen #BISH 126718 (Glassman, S.F. 2434).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1950. Voucher specimen #BISH 588326 (Fosberg, F.R. 31284).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1953. Voucher specimen #BISH 588324 (Fosberg, F.R. 35220).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 561370 (Fosberg, F.R. 35580).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1954. Voucher specimen #BISH 588318 (Fosberg, F.R. 35580).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1957. Voucher specimen #BISH 126719 (Alvis, R.J. 96).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588319 (Fosberg, F.R. 46219).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1965. Voucher specimen #BISH 588709 (Fosberg, F.R. 47634).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1977. Voucher specimen #BISH 432320 (Stemmermann, R.L. 2644).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 649442 (Herbst, D.R. 7080).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 1000144 (Herbst, D.R. 7080).
Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1997. Voucher specimen #BISH 697859 (Herbst, D.R. 9833).
Burcham, L. T. 1948. Observations on the grass flora of certain Pacific islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 30(2):405-447.
Chong, Kwek Yan/Tan, Hugh T. W./Corlett, Richard T. 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Otobed, D./Sachet, M.-H./Oliver, R. L./Powell, D. A./Canfield, J. E. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Department of Botany, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: Critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2):45-102.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica 20:1-126.
Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Allertonia, in press. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 146 pp.
Holm, Leroy/Doll, Jerry/Holm, Eric/Pancho, Jaun/Herberger, James. 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 pp.
Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.
Josekutty, P. C./Wakuk, E. E./Joseph, M. J. 2002. Invasive/weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Invasive species and their management. Micronesica Suppl. 6:61-65.
Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy. 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 26 pp.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
Merrill, Elmer D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, vol. 1 [reprint]. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 463 pp.
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 1999. Voucher specimen #PTBG34808(Francisco Sohl 14).
National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.). 2008. Voucher specimen #PTBG64(David H. Lorence 9772).
Peekel, P. G. [translated by E. E. Henty]. 1984. Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago for naturalists. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 638 pp. ISBN 9980-66-000-7.
Porcher, Michel H. 2011. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne, Australia. Online resource.
Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 83 pp.
Space, James C./Lorence, David H./LaRosa, Anne Marie. 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant Species. USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawai‘i. 227 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Denslow, Julie S./Nelson, Duane. 2000. Invasive plant species on Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 31 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).
Whistler, W. A. 1995. Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 202 pp.
Whitmore, T. C. 1969. The vegetation of the Solomon Islands. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 255:259-270.
Wu, Te-lin. 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised). 384 pp.
Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).