Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassicaceae

Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: ye luo bo

English: jointed charlock, jointed radish, pointer charlock, runch, white charlock, wild radish

French: radis ravenelle, raifort sauvage, ravenelle, ravenelle sauvage

Japanese: hamadaikon

Spanish: citró, erviana, flor de nabo, jaramado, jaramago blanco, lobrastos, mostaza, nabo cimarron, rabancá, rabanilla, rabanillo blanco, rabaniza, rábano, rábano morado, rábano silvestre, ravenissa, taramao

Habit:  herb

Description:  "Annual to perennial. Taproot swollen or slender. Stems usually green, (10)-20-80-(100) cm tall. Rosette and lower stem leaves lyrate-pinnate; terminal leaflet 3-6-(10) x 3-6-(10) cm, as wide or narrower than rest of leaf; lateral leaflets in 1-8 pairs. Stem leaves simple or with 1 pair of basal lobes, orbicular to lanceolate, 1-6 cm long. Racemes 15-40-(60) cm long. Pedicels 1-2 cm long, stout at fruiting. Sepals 6-9 x 1-2 mm. Petals yellow, white, brownish, pink, or mauve, usually mauve-veined, 13-20 mm long. Silique (1)-2-8-seeded, cylindric, constricted between seeds, breaking into segments when ripe, weakly to strongly ribbed, tapering at apex, (10)-20-60-(80) x (2)-3-8-(9) mm. Seeds 1.5-3 mm long"  (Webb et al., 1988; p. 438).

Subsp. maritimus:  Silique (4)-6-8 mm wide; constrictions short; segments spherical or wider than long; apical portion rarely > 2x length of top segment
Subsp. raphanistrum:  Silique (2)-3-4-(5) mm wide; constrictions long; segments longer than wide; apical portion (2)-3-4x length of top segment. (Webb et al., 1988; p. 438).

Habitat/ecology:  In China, "roadsides, fields, waste areas".  "In Chile this species grows in the following environmental conditions:  Low altitude, interior valleys; coastal mountains, 500-2000 m; coastal areas, 0-500 m.  Humid areas, with almost constant rainfall. Short dry periods are possible (generally not longer than 1 month).
Somewhat dry areas where the drought may last 3-5 months. Precipitations of 400-800 mm. are concentrated in winter.  Fully exposed to the sun. Level areas or slopes facing north"  (Chileflora).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  Macaronesia, northern Africa, Europe, western and central Asia; widely naturalized elsewhere (GRIN).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 83)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Andrews, S. B. (1990) (p. 22)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 10) Vouchers cited: H. Vollrath s.n. (BISH 43292), D. Herbst 5823 (BISH), D. Herbst 9790 (BISH), T. Herat, R. Herat & P. Higashino 805 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 9) Vouchers cited: W. L. Wagner et al. 5371 (BISH), W. L. Wagner et al. 5372 (BISH), T. Flynn &ammp; L. Hume 1650 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 10) East Maui. Voucher cited: O. Degener 35834 (BISH)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 9) Voucher cited: N.L.H. Krauss s.n. (BISH 43318)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive	Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. (2003) (p. 9) Voucher cited: N. Forbes 2286.O (BISH)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Australia (continental)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 188)
Chile (continental) Chile	Chile (Republic of)	introduced invasive	Belov, Michail (2011)
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011) Qinghai, Sichuan
Colombia Colombia	Colombia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 190)
Honduras Honduras	Honduras (Republic of)		Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 304)
Indonesia Indonesia	Indonesia (Republic of)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 188)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 190)
Japan Japan	Japan (country)	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 183)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 188)
New Zealand New Zealand	New Zealand (country)	introduced invasive	Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. (1988) (p. 438) Subsp. raphanistrum, "waste land, roadsides, disturbed soil"; subsp. maritimus (Smith) Thell., "coastal and on roadsides, waste land"
Perú Perú	Perú (Republic of)		Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias (1988) (p. 190)
Taiwan Taiwan	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2011)

Additional information:
Information from University of Florida Agricultural Extension
Photos and other information from Chileflora.

Additional online information about Raphanus raphanistrum is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Raphanus raphanistrum as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Raphanus raphanistrum may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Andrews, S. B. 1990. Ferns of Queensland. Queensland Dept. of Primary Ind., Brisbane.

Belov, Michail. 2011. Chileflora (online resource).

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Hafliger, Toni J./Wolf, Matthias. 1988. Dicot weeds, vol. 1. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basle, Switzerland. 335 pp.

Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp.

Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro. 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8(2)/2004: 171-191.

Staples, George W./Imada, Clyde T./Herbst, Derral R. 2003. New Hawaiian plant records for 2001. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 74:7-21.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2011. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

Webb, C. J./Sykes, W. R./Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch. 1365 pp.

Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong. 2011. Flora of China (online resource).