Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guillaumin, Acanthaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Threat only at high elevations?  no

Other Latin names:  Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum (W. Bull) Radlk., Pseuderanthemum reticulatum Radlk.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chuukese: ulo

English: false eranthemum, graptophyllum, purple false eranthemum

I-Kiribati: te iaro, te roti

Marshallese: diros, tirooj, tirooj kuriin, tirooj piin, tirooj piolot, tiros biñ, ulej, ulij, wut tiroj

Rakahanga-Manihiki: tiare vaehau

Satawalese: kakive

Habit:  shrub

Description:  "Glabrous ornamental shrub, leaves often variegated magenta-purple with or without pink and/or white, elliptic-ovate, acute, decurrent on the 1-3 cm petiole, 5-15 cm long; racemes spikelike, calyx green or reddish, up to 8 mm long; corolla white to rosy-purple, glabrous or merely slightly ciliate, capsule clavate, 4-seeded"  (Stone, 1970; pp. 535-536).

"Shrub 1-3 m high, petioles 5-20 mm long; leaf blades elliptic to ovate or oblong, (4-) 8-20 x (3-) 4-10 cm, usually 2-3 times longer than broad, dark green to purple or more often variously variegated, purplish- or yellow-blotched or green- and yellow-mottled; inflorescences and calyx sometimes rich purple; corolla tube usually rich purple, the lobes rich pink with paler mottling or white, the throat purple-spotted; filaments and style often purple-tinged"  (Smith, 1991; pp. 134-135).

Habitat/ecology:  In Fiji, "cultivated from near sea level to about 250 m" (Smith, 1991; pp. 134-135). In the Marshall Islands, "usually planted, but occasionally naturalized or persisting" (Fosberg, 1990; p. 38).

Propagation:  Seed

Native range:  "Probably indigenous in Melanesia (perhaps in New Caledonia and the New Hebrides [Vanuatu]), now widely cultivated" as a garden ornamental. (Smith, 1991; pp. 134-135).

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Rota Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (US) Northern Mariana Islands	Tinian Island	introduced	Raulerson, L. (2006) (p. 63) Var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Manihiki Atoll	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Penrhyn (Tongareva) Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Northern Cook Islands	Rakahanga Atoll	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Palmerston (Avarau) Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	cultivated	McCormack, Gerald (2007)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Chuuk Islands	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Lukunor (Núkúnooch) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Nama Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Puluwat (Pwonowót) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. (1989) (p. 59) var. carruthersii Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 210 (GUAM); var. atropurpureum Voucher cited: Manner & Mallon 237 (GUAM)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Satawan Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Chuuk Islands	Weno (Moen) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Kosrae Island	Kosrae Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (2005) (p. 10) var. atropurpureum (Carr.) Fosb., naturalized, voucher cited: Lorence 8135 (PTBG); var. carruthersii, cultivated, Lelu
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Nukuoro Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pingelap Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 102) var. atropurpureum
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Eauripik Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Faraulep (Faraulap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Lamotrek Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Satawal Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1969) (p. 12) Voucher cited: Fosberg 46854 (US)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Ulithi Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Woleai Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Federated States of Micronesia Yap Islands	Yap (Waqab) Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Fiji Fiji Islands	Ovalau Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 134-135) Voucher cited: Smith 7487
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 134-135) Vouchers cited: DA 16771, DA 16211, DA 16214, DA 16480
French Polynesia Society Islands	Huahine Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 23) Voucher cited: Fosberg 61113
French Polynesia Society Islands	Maupiti (Maurua) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 23) Voucher cited: BRY 25428, BRY 25433
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 2)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 2)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Taha‘a Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 2)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 2)
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raroia Atoll	introduced cultivated	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 39) Var. atropurpureum
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Takapoto Atoll	introduced	Sachet, M-H. (1983) (pp. 36-37) Vars. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb. and carruthersii
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced cultivated	Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (pp. 535-536) Vouchers cited: Stone 3938 (GUAM), Stone 4370-A (GUAM)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Kiribati Line Islands	Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Line Islands	Teraina (Washington) Island	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Kanton Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 55715 (US, BISH)
Kiribati Phoenix Islands	Orona (Hull) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. (1994) (p. 6) Single shrub. Vouchers cited: Fosberg & Stoddart 54795 (US, HAW, K), Clapp P-71-42 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 76)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Abemama Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 30)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Butaritari Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 78)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Maiana Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 79)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Marakei Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Nonouti Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 30)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Onotoa Atoll	cultivated	Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 21) Vouchers cited: Moul 8038 (US), Moul 8301 (US)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Kiribati Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands	Tarawa Atoll	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 75)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Bikini (Pikinni) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Enewetak (Ãnewetak) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Lamberson, J. O. (1982) (p. 57)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Jaluit (Jãlwõj) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1962) (p. 35) Var. carruthersii, vouchers cited: Fosberg 26782 (US), Fosberg 39423 (US); var. atropurpureum, vouchers cited: Fosberg 26729 (US), Fosberg 39424 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kili (Kõle) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2006) (p. 5) "Rare; single bush found by house near air terminal".
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 98)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 31206 (US); also var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; voucher cited: Fosberg 31206 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Lae Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34098 (US); also var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; voucher cited: Fosberg 34063 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Rongelap (Roñlap) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Ujae Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34295 (US); also var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; vouchers cited: Fosberg 34290 (US), Fosberg 34421 (US)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Wotho (Wõtto) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ralik Chain	Wotho (Wõtto) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 34236 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Ailuk (Aelok) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; voucher cited: Fosberg 33973 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll		Anderson, Donald (1951) (p. vi) Voucher cited: Anderson 3661
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Arno Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy/Vander Velde, Brian (2007) (p. 4) "Rare; two old plants found as hedge/border near private residence".
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Jemo Island	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; voucher cited: Fosberg 33866 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Likiep Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 27030 (US); also var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb.; voucher cited: Fosberg 27025 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 59)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Maloelap Atoll		Vander Velde, Nancy (year unknown) Var. atropurpureum (W. Bull) Fosb.
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 6) Voucher cited: Fosberg 36721 (US)
Marshall Islands Ratak Chain	Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll	introduced cultivated	Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20) Voucher cited: Fosberg 33690 (US)
Nauru Nauru Island	Nauru Island	introduced cultivated	Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 82) var. carruthersii, voucher cited: Hassall 201 (SUVA); var atropurpureum, vouchers cited Fosberg 58777 (US), Fosberg 58792 (US)
New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands)	Île Lifou	native cultivated	Heine, Heino (1976) (pp. 59-62) var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb., vouchers cited: MacKee 27296, MacKee 27300
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 134-135)
New Caledonia New Caledonia	New Caledonia Islands	native	Jaffré, T./Morat, P./Veillon, J-M./Rigault, F./Dagostini, G. (2001) (p. 52)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	native cultivated	Heine, Heino (1976) (pp. 59-62) var. carruthersii, voucher cited: Lécard s.n., Vieillard 2080; var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb., vouchers cited: Baumann-Bodenheim 6806, MacKee 5111
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 39) Voucher cited: CHR 168660
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 110) Voucher cited: Yuncker 9978 (BISH)
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 46)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Palau Hatohobei Group	Tobi Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 110)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 102)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Koror Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Ngerkebesang Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 98)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Palau Palau (main island group)	Peleliu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 106)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
Palau Sonsorol Group	Sonsorol Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (pp. 16, 109)
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	native	Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 103)
Tuvalu Tuvalu (Ellis) Islands	Nui Atoll		Woodroffe, C. D. (1985) (p. 15) Var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosb. Voucher cited: Woodroffe 159 (CHR)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Palmyra Atoll	Palmyra Atoll	introduced cultivated	Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 258)
United States (other Pacific offshore islands) Wake Islands	Wake Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1969) (p. 14) Present in 1961, not seen in 1963.
Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands	Vanuatu (Republic of)	native	Smith, Albert C. (1991) (pp. 134-135)

Additional information:  Additional online information about Pseuderanthemum carruthersii is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Taxonomic information about Pseuderanthemum carruthersii may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Anderson, Donald. 1951. The plants of Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 7. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 4 pp. + 7 pp. appendix.

Doty, Maxwell S. 1954. Floristic and Ecological Notes on Raroia Atoll, Tuamotus. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 33. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 41 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1969. Plants of Satawal Island, Caroline Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 132. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 13 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1962. Vascular plants recorded from Jaluit Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 92. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 39 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1969. Wake Island vegetation and flora, 1961-1963. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 123. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 15 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of the Gilbert Islands, Kiribati, checklist. Atoll Res. Bull. 295:1-33.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Fosberg, F. R./Stoddart, D. R. 1994. Flora of the Phoenix Islands, central Pacific. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 393. 60 pp.

Fosberg, F. Raymond. 1990. A review of the natural history of the Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 330. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 100 pp.

Glassman, S. F. 1952. The flora of Ponape. Bishop Mus. Bull. 209: 1-152.

Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.

Heine, Heino. 1976. Acanthacées, Bignoniacées, Boraginacées, Solanacées. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Vol. 7, 212 pp.

Jaffré, T./Morat, P./Veillon, J-M./Rigault, F./Dagostini, G. 2001. Composition and characterisation of the native flora of New Caledonia. Documents Scientifiques et Techniques, II4, IRD, Centre de Noum&#eacute;a, 121 p.

Lamberson, J. O. 1982. A guide to terrestrial plants of Enewetak Atoll. Pacific Science Information Center, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 73 pp.

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 2005. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 23 pp.

Manner, H. I./Mallon, E. 1989. An Annotated list of the vascular plants of Pulawat Atoll. Micronesica 22:23-63.

McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.

Moul, Edwin T. 1957. Preliminary report on the flora of Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 57. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 48 pp.

Raulerson, L. 2006. Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium Contribution 40:1-69. .

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.

Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 103 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.

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